These events and measures led to long-lasting mutual distrust between Ankara and the Kurds. Later they, along with Arabs and Armenians, joined the Sassanids in their war against the Byzantines. [170], The Kurdistan Workers' Party or PKK (Kurdish: Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê) is Kurdish militant organization which has waged an armed struggle against the Turkish state for cultural and political rights and self-determination for the Kurds. In the summer of 1917 Kurds were moved to Konya in central Anatolia. It is the Nestorian branch which embraces the largest number of Kurds ; the Nestorians and the Kurds are racially, closely related through inter-marriage, and, when a Kurd adopts Christianity, it is to the Church of Nestorius [65][66], They live primarily in Iraq's Nineveh Governorate. When Ba'athist administrators thwarted Kurdish nationalist ambitions in Iraq, war broke out in the 1960s. Ismet Chériff Vanly, "The Kurds in the Soviet Union", in: Philip G. Kreyenbroek & S. Sperl (eds.). [62][63][64] Its central religious texts are the Kitêba Cilwe and Meshaf Resh. There is ongoing discrimination against and "otherization" of Kurds in society. Around 300,000 Kurds live in the Iraqi capital Baghdad, 50,000 in the city of Mosul and around 100,000 elsewhere in southern Iraq. Overall, Arabs represent 78% of Iraq’s population, while Kurds are 16% and other, smaller ethnic groups constitute the remainder, according to a 2011 Pew Research survey . The plan was to be implemented in four years. The Kurdish language is a West Iranian language related to Persian and Pashto. Initially a popular, award-winning actor in Turkey with the nickname Çirkin Kral (the Ugly King, after his rough looks), he spent the later part of his career producing socio-critical and politically loaded films. Kurdish medalists in the 2012 Summer Olympics were Nur Tatar,[277] Kianoush Rostami and Yezidi Misha Aloyan;[278] who won medals in taekwondo, weightlifting and boxing, respectively. [196], Several nationalist and Marxist insurgencies continued for decades (1967, 1979, 1989–96) led by KDP-I and Komalah, but those two organization have never advocated a separate Kurdish state or greater Kurdistan as did the PKK in Turkey. They do not have a country of their own. Kurds, for instance, also celebrate Newroz (21 March) as New Year's Day. C. Dahlman, "The Political Geography of Kurdistan,". Turkey's military allies the US, the EU, and NATO label the PKK as a terrorist organization while the UN,[171] Switzerland,[172] Russia,[173] China and India have refused to add the PKK to their terrorist list. Their numbers exceed 500,000, with some estimates numbering them at 1.2 million worldwide. Exhibiting a wide variety, the Bijar rugs have patterns ranging from floral designs, medallions and animals to other ornaments. Uses and Values of the Term Kurd in Arabic Medieval Literary 'Pratico delle lingue: con prolegomeni, e una raccolta di orazioni dominicali in piu di trecento lingue e dialetti...'. Kurdish ulama were especially significant at the high ranks of Ottoman Nizamiye Courts, Al-Azhar University in Cairo and the holy cities of Mecca and Medina in the Arabian Peninsula. They are the majority in at least three provinces in northern Iraq which are together known as Iraqi Kurdistan. [141] The uprising against Qajar Persia and the Ottoman Empire was ultimately suppressed by the Ottomans and Ubeydullah, along with other notables, were exiled to Istanbul. [241], In October 2019, Turkey and the Syrian Interim Government began an offensive into Kurdish-populated areas in Syria, prompting about 100,000 civilians to flee from the area fearing that Turkey would commit an ethnic cleansing.[242][243]. Kurdish Christians (Kurdish: Kurdên Mesîhî or Kurdên Xirîstiyan) are Kurds who follow Christianity.Though the majority of Kurds adopted Islam in the Middle Ages, there were Kurdish converts to Christianity even after the spread of Islam.In recent years some Kurds from Muslim backgrounds have converted to Christianity. Iraq was widely condemned by the international community, but was never seriously punished for oppressive measures such as the mass murder of hundreds of thousands of civilians, the wholesale destruction of thousands of villages and the deportation of thousands of Kurds to southern and central Iraq. [88][89] The Kurdish languages, on the other hand, form a subgroup of the Northwestern Iranian languages like Median. Turkish government also encouraged Islamic extremist group Hezbollah to assassinate suspected PKK members and often ordinary Kurds. The Kurdish population is similar to that of Canada and Australia. Nonsense, the Kurds are the so called Turks and they have already occupies Turkey! [96]:373, 375 In October 1991, Kurdish guerrillas captured Erbil and Sulaimaniyah after a series of clashes with Iraqi troops. [221] Between 1975 and 1978, 200,000 Kurds were deported to other parts of Iraq.[222]. [86] The claimed Median descent is reflected in the words of the Kurdish national anthem: "We are the children of the Medes and Kai Khosrow. [142], The Kurdish ethno-nationalist movement that emerged following World War I and the end of the Ottoman Empire in 1922 largely represented a reaction to the changes taking place in mainstream Turkey, primarily to the radical secularization, the centralization of authority, and to the rampant Turkish nationalism in the new Turkish Republic. As a result of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, many Kurdish areas have been destroyed and more than 150,000 Kurds have been deported since 1988 by separatist Armenian forces. But while the Kurds are a crucial part of Iraq’s political makeup, they are an ethnic group, not a distinct religious sect within Islam. [198][211][212][213] Still, many of dissident leaders, among others Qazi Muhammad and Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou, were executed or assassinated. [169] The Kurds are still not allowed to get a primary education in their mother tongue and they do not have a right to self-determination, even though Turkey has signed the ICCPR. The design is drawn on the skin using a thin twig and is, by needle, penetrated under the skin. Throughout the Middle East, there are many prominent Kurdish artists. Shia Islam in the particular case of Iran. Kurds subscribe to Shia Islam or Sunni which is a subdivision of Islam. Kurdish Marxist groups have been marginalized in Iran since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. [31] There are exclaves of Kurds in Central Anatolia, Khorasan, and the Caucasus, as well as significant Kurdish diaspora communities in the cities of western Turkey (in particular Istanbul) and Western Europe (primarily in Germany). [59][60], In recent years, a growing number of Kurds have converted to Zoroastrianism.[61]. He also mentions the Persian troops who fought against Musa chief of Hurdanaye in the region of Qardu in 841. It is estimated that close to 20,000 Kurds succumbed to death due to exhaustion, lack of food, exposure to cold and disease. [100] After a long and hard-fought siege, Shapur II breached the walls, conquered the city and massacred all its defenders. Kurdistan, broadly defined geographic region traditionally inhabited mainly by Kurds. [123] Succeeding the Zengids, the Kurdish Ayyubids established themselves in 1171, first under the leadership of Saladin. not a language of its own their language is a persian subbranch dialect. In Ottoman Iraq, following the Ottoman–Persian War (1775–76), Karim Khan managed to seize Basra for several years.[137][138]. to be subversive elements who would take the Russian side in the war. As most other Middle Eastern populations, a high degree of mutual influences between the Kurds and their neighbouring peoples are apparent. The first critically acclaimed and famous Kurdish films were produced by Yılmaz Güney. Alevi community that sometimes are called Qizilbash, mostly live in north western parts of Kurdistan. Although his uprising is not classified as a nationalist one, his children played significant roles in the emergence and the development of Kurdish nationalism through the next century.[140]. Nearly all Kurdistan was part of Persian Empire until its Western part was lost during wars against the Ottoman Empire. Leading characteristics, such as messianism, the Golden Rule, heaven and hell, and free will influenced other religious systems, including Second Temple Judaism, Gnosticism, Christianity, and Islam. [202] Government's forced detribalization and sedentarization in 1920s and 1930s resulted with many other tribal revolts in Iranian regions of Azerbaijan, Luristan and Kurdistan. Christianity is the largest religion in Armenia, and has been since about 301 CE. The Anfal campaign led to destruction of over two thousand villages and killing of 182,000 Kurdish civilians. Recently, he released Rhinos Season, starring Behrouz Vossoughi, Monica Bellucci and Yilmaz Erdogan, detailing the tumultuous life of a Kurdish poet. They are the fourth largest ethnic group in the Middle East, but they never obtained a permanent nation-state. Many Kurds are either bilingual or multilingual, speaking the language of their respective nation of origin, such as Arabic, Persian, and Turkish as a second language alongside their native Kurdish, while those in diaspora communities often speak three or more languages. [1] Main religions that currently exist in Kurdistan are as follows: Islam, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Yarsanism, Yazidism, Alevism, and Judaism. [20] Other sources claim that there are 20,000 ethnic Kurds in the United States. [2][32], Kurds speak the Kurdish languages and the Zaza–Gorani languages, which belong to the Western Iranian branch of the Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family.[33][34]. All methods were used to coax the Kurds and convert them to Islam, even, for example, the matrimonial strategy, the mother of the last Omayyad caliph, Marwan Hakim, was Kurdish. 1 decade ago. [204] In particular case of the Kurds, this repressive policies partly contributed to developing nationalism among some tribes. Beside Sunni Islam, Alevism and Shia Islam also have millions of Kurdish followers. [194] Two regional powers have used Kurdish tribes as tool for own political benefits: Turkey has provided military help and refuge for anti-Iranian Turcophone Shikak rebels in 1918–1922,[203] while Iran did the same during Ararat rebellion against Turkey in 1930. Nor do all Kurds share a religious identity: Though the majority of Kurds are Sunni Muslims, other religions are practiced as well. One Western source estimates that up to 25% of the Turkish population is Kurdish (approximately 18–19 million people). They also adhere to a number of different religions and creeds, although the majority are Sunni Muslims. Attendees celebrated the occasion by lighting a ritual fire and beating the frame drum or 'daf'. Bedirhan Bey was the last emir of the Cizre Bohtan Emirate after initiating an uprising in 1847 against the Ottomans to protect the current structures of the Kurdish principalities. Many Kurds belong to Sufi (Islam mystic) brotherhoods. [196][211] The issue of Kurdish nationalism and Iranian national identity is generally only questioned in the peripheral Kurdish dominated regions where the Sunni faith is prevalent. means uncommon at the present day for a Kurd to court a Nestorian girl and take her to wife.3 But the dominant religion throughout the country is naturally Islam, the religion of a long succession of conquerors' and of all the surrounding races with whom the Kurd comes into closest contact; but it is often a form of Islam con- The first genuinely Kurdish examples extant were built in the 11th century. [135] However, in the High Middle Ages, the Kurdish ethnic identity gradually materialized, as one can find clear evidence of the Kurdish ethnic identity and solidarity in texts of the 12th and 13th centuries,[106] though, the term was also still being used in the social sense. [50] Kurdish sources claim there are as many as 20 or 25 million Kurds in Turkey. [256], A madrasa system was used before the modern era. Barry D. Wood, The Tarikh-i Jahanara in the Chester Beatty Library: an illustrated manuscript of the "Anonymous Histories of Shah Isma'il", Islamic Gallery Project, Asian Department Victoria & Albert Museum London, Routledge, Volume 37, Number 1 / March 2004, Pp: 89 - 107. The period of existence of the Kurdish administrative unit was brief and did not last beyond 1929. Thereafter he had the strategically located city repaired, provisioned and garrisoned with his best troops. Around 300,000 Kurds were forced to move southwards to Urfa and then westwards to Aintab and Marasch. This is not least due to the Kurdistan Communities Union movement and their radically secular Rojava model project in the Democratic Federation of Northern Syria. Kurdisches Kulturfestival verboten", "3 Kurdish women political activists shot dead in Paris", "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 г. Национальный состав населения Российской Федерации", "Scotland's Census 2011 - National Records of Scotland - Ethnic group (detailed)", "Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на начало 2019 года", "Information from the 2011 Armenian National Census", "Language and Cultural Shift Among the Kurds of Jordan", "2011-2015 American Community Survey Selected Population Tables", "Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census", "Language according to age and sex by region 1990 - 2018", "Number of resident population by selected nationality", "Atlas of the Languages of Iran A working classification", "Gorani Influence on Central Kurdish: Substratum or Prestige Borrowing? Perhaps the most widely reoccurring element is the fox, which, through cunning and shrewdness triumphs over less intelligent species, yet often also meets his demise. The Kurds, though, are a unique people among the nations of the Middle East. Moreover, many Shafi'i Kurds adhere to either one of the two Sufi orders Naqshbandi and Qadiriyya. [45], The Kurdish dialects according to Mackenzie are classified as:[46], The Zaza and Gorani are ethnic Kurds,[47] but the Zaza–Gorani languages are not classified as Kurdish. With the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, many Kurds hoped for the establishment of an independent state in Kurdistan. It has made us more tolerant, more able to see the good that other religions offer to Kurdish society." Through these measures, the Young Turk leaders aimed at weakening the political influence of the Kurds by deporting them from their ancestral lands and by dispersing them in small pockets of exiled communities. Yazidis believe in the periodic reincarnation of the seven holy beings in human form. James, Boris. [234][235] Having been denied the right to Syrian nationality, around 300,000 Kurds have been deprived of any social rights, in violation of international law. In late October, Iraqi government retaliated by imposing a food and fuel embargo on the Kurds and stopping to pay civil servants in the Kurdish region. [56], Beside Sunni Islam, Alevism and Shia Islam also have millions of Kurdish followers. [284] Another important piece of Kurdish architectural heritage from the late 12th/early 13th centuries is the Yezidi pilgrimage site Lalish, with its trademark conical roofs. [39], Regardless of its possible roots in ancient toponymy, the ethnonym Kurd might be derived from a term kwrt- used in Middle Persian as a common noun to refer to "nomads" or "tent-dwellers," which could be applied as an attribute to any Iranian group with such a lifestyle. Iraq started another wave of Arabization by moving Arabs to the oil fields in Kurdistan, particularly those around Kirkuk. [73][74][75], Segments of the Bible were first made available in the Kurdish language in 1856 in the Kurmanji dialect. Moreover, in March 1975, Iraq and Iran signed the Algiers Accord, according to which Iran cut supplies to Iraqi Kurds. The Kurds are usually identified as an Iranian ethnic group descended from the Medes. To deny an existence of Kurds, the Turkish Government used several terms. By Saad Salloum. Kurds backed by the United Kingdom declared independence in 1927 and established the Republic of Ararat. [108] From 11th century onward, the term Kurd is explicitly defined as an ethnonym and this does not suggest synonymity with the ethnographic category nomad. [248][249], There was substantial immigration of ethnic Kurds in Canada and the United States, who are mainly political refugees and immigrants seeking economic opportunity. In March 2011, in part to avoid further demonstrations and unrest from spreading across Syria, the Syrian government promised to tackle the issue and grant Syrian citizenship to approximately 300,000 Kurds who had been previously denied the right. According to Yazidi beliefs, God created the world but left it in the care of seven holy beings or angels. Kurdish-inhabited Afrin Canton has been occupied by Turkish Armed Forces and Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army since the Turkish military operation in Afrin in early 2018. From 1922–1924 in Iraq a Kingdom of Kurdistan existed. [157] Since the Iranian Revolution of 1979, accusations of "discrimination" by Western organizations and of "foreign involvement" by Iranian side have become very frequent. [40], The term gained the characteristic of an ethnonym following the Muslim conquest of Persia, as it was adopted into Arabic and gradually became associated with an amalgamation of Iranian and Iranicised tribes and groups in the region. Kurds comprise anywhere from 18 to 25% of the population in Turkey,[1][50] 15 to 20% in Iraq;[1] 10% in Iran;[1] and 9% in Syria. Revolts did occur sporadically but only in 1880 with the uprising led by Sheik Ubeydullah did the Kurds as an ethnic group or nation make demands. Saladin led the Muslims to recapture the city of Jerusalem from the Crusaders at the Battle of Hattin; also frequently clashing with the Assassins. [176] Turkish State actions have included forced inscription, forced evacuation, destruction of villages, severe harassment, illegal arrests and executions of Kurdish civilians. [70], Although historically there have been various accounts of Kurdish Christians, most often these were in the form of individuals, and not as communities. These are further decorated with coloured glass, this stems from an old belief that if light passes through a combination of seven colours it helps keep the atmosphere clean. Therefore, these traditional tattoos are thought to derive from pre-Islamic times. The Akkadians were attacked by nomads coming through Qartas territory at the end of 3rd millennium BC and distinguished them as the Guti, speakers of a pre-Iranic language isolate. [79] Other Sumerian clay tablets referred to the people, who lived in the land of Karda, as the Qarduchi (Karduchi, Karduchoi) and the Qurti. The authority of the KRG and legality of its laws and regulations were recognized in the articles 113 and 137 of the new Iraqi Constitution ratified in 2005. In 1961, in a foreword to the book Doğu İlleri ve Varto Tarihi of Mehmet Şerif Fırat [tr], the Turkish president Cemal Gürsel declared it of utmost importance to proof the Turkishness of the Kurds. That's why the Kurds are struggling to survive as Kurds, they want to keep their own ethnic and cultural identity, and religion becomes secondary for them in their life. It has since been a matter of contention between the Kurds … [197], Unlike in other Kurdish-populated countries, there are strong ethnolinguistical and cultural ties between Kurds, Persians and others as Iranian peoples. Not all Kurds are Yazidis, but all Yazidis are Kurdish. What religion are the Iraqui Kurds? Arab and Kurds can also be members of other religions including Christianity, Judaism or other minor sects. [82][83], Qarti or Qartas, who were originally settled on the mountains north of Mesopotamia, are considered as a probable ancestor of the Kurds. [167] Following the military coup of 1980, the Kurdish language was officially prohibited in public and private life. Religious diversity has been a feature of Kurdistan for many centuries. in 1905, as well as one of the original players. [107] Since 10th century, Arabic texts including al-Masudi's works, have referred to Kurds as a distinct linguistic group. Michael the Syrian considered them as pagan, followers of mahdi and adepts of Magianism. The Kurds stand out for being one of the few groups to fully recognize women’s rights, for being being secular (keeping religion seperate from the state) and for not discriminating based on religion … They speak Turkish and are heavily funded and armed by Turkey itself. These are especially well known in Iran, most notably the crafts from the Kermanshah and Sanandaj regions. However, modern tattoos are becoming more prevalent; and temporary tattoos are still being worn on special occasions (such as henna, the night before a wedding) and as tribute to the cultural heritage.[269]. Martin van Bruinessen, "The ethnic identity of the Kurds," in: James, Boris. The name Kurd can be dated with certainty to the time of the tribes’ conversion to Islam in the 7th century ce. During the conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, many non-Yazidi Kurds were forced to leave their homes since both the Azeri and non-Yazidi Kurds were Muslim. [35] Recent history of the Kurds includes numerous genocides and rebellions, along with ongoing armed conflicts in Turkish, Iranian, Syrian, and Iraqi Kurdistan. 68–69 (1994), 11–37. Answer: Yazidism is the religion of a Kurdish people-group that lives primarily in Iraq. [199][200] In 19th-century Iran, Shia–Sunni animosity and the describing of Sunni Kurds as an Ottoman fifth column was quite frequent. Kurds - Religion and Expressive Culture Religious Beliefs. [69], In 2016, the first official Zoroastrian fire temple of Iraqi Kurdistan opened in Sulaymaniyah. Tauris, 2001. pg 147: "But the origins of the family of Shaykh Safi al-Din go back not to Hijaz but to. Kurds are a religiously heterogeneous people. It culminated in the Iran crisis of 1946 which included a separatist attempt of KDP-I and communist groups[206] to establish the Soviet puppet government[207][208][209] called Republic of Mahabad. Zoroastrianism was one of the dominant religions in Kurdistan before the Islamic era. [166], The words "Kurds", "Kurdistan", or "Kurdish" were officially banned by the Turkish government. Additionally, stories can be purely entertaining, or have an educational or religious aspect.[261]. It was not until Lotf Ali Khan, 10 years later, that the dynasty would once again be led by an adept ruler. A century later, the year-long Battle of Dimdim took place, wherein the Safavid king Abbas I (r. 1588–1629) succeeded in putting down the rebellion led by the Kurdish ruler Amir Khan Lepzerin. There have been tensions between Kurds and the established Muslim community in Dewsbury,[246][247] which is home to very traditional mosques such as the Markazi. Several Christian prayers in Kurdish have been found from earlier centuries. More than half of the Turkey belongs to the Kurdish people! After Nader's death, Iran fell into civil war, with multiple leaders trying to gain control over the country. [144] He has given a detailed account of the deportation of Kurds from Erzurum and Bitlis in the winter of 1916. A fourth pretender was Karim Khan, son of Aymak of the Zand, a section of. Kurds are the largest ethnic minority in Syria, making up between 5 and 10 percent of the Syrian population of 21 million in 2011. Kurds account for 9% of Syria's population, a total of around 1.6 million people. Omega Publications, New York. The use of Kurdish language, dress, folklore, and names were banned and the Kurdish-inhabited areas remained under martial law until 1946. The Kurds follow a variety of religions. Kurdish (Kurdish: Kurdî or کوردی) is a collection of related dialects spoken by the Kurds. His first feature film was A Time for Drunken Horses, released in 2000. [271] In 1948 and 1959, two documentaries were made concerning the Yezidi Kurds in Armenia. Religious diversity has been a feature of Kurdistan for many centuries. Many Muslim rites and beliefs coexisted with pre-Islamic cults associated with lakes, stones, graves, trees, fire, and an ancestor cult. [191] Azimet Köylüoğlu, the state minister of human rights, revealed the extent of security forces' excesses in autumn 1994: Currently, Zoroastrianism is an officially recognized religion in Iraqi Kurdistan and Iran and three Zoroastrian temples have opened in Iraqi Kurdistan after the official recognition of Zoroastrianism in the region in 2015. Attendees celebrated the occasion by lighting a ritual fire and beating the frame drum or 'daf'. Most famous are Ibrahim Tatlises, Nizamettin Arıç, Ahmet Kaya and the Kamkars. [262] Other examples are the mythology of the Yezidis,[263] and the stories of the Dersim Kurds, which had a substantial Armenian influence.[264]. Islam spread among the Kurds in the seventh and eighth centuries. In 1991, the language was decriminalized, yet the now highly available radios and TV's had as an effect a diminished interest in traditional storytelling. [198] In the early 2000s, presence of thirty Kurdish deputies in the 290-strong parliament has also helped to undermine claims of discrimination. Before that they were the Seljuqs than the Ayyubids than the Ottomans. Kurdistan Regional Government of Iraq (KRG), "Judaism in Kurdistan: the country on which Arch rested", "Southern Kurdistan during the last phase of Ottoman control: 1839–1914", "Islam in Kurdistan: Religious Communities and Their Practices in Contemporary Northern Iraq", Martin van Bruinessen, When Haji Bektash Still Bore the Name of Sultan Sahak:Notes on the Ahl-i Haqq of the Guran district, "Iraqi Kurds turn to Zoroastrianism as faith, identity entwine", "Hopes for Zoroastrianism revival in Kurdistan as first temple opens its doors", "Zoroastrian faith returns to Kurdistan in response to ISIL violence", "Syria Kurds challenging traditions, promote civil marriage", "PYD leader: SDF operation for Raqqa countryside in progress, Syria can only be secular", "Secularism: essential to Kurdish identity", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Kurdistan&oldid=1016524131, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 7 April 2021, at 16:50.
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