Calling Dashnaks and others bourgeois nationalists, the Bolsheviks excluded them from the political process in Soviet Armenia and persecuted them as counterrevolutionaries. In the city of Van itself, there were around 30,000 Armenians, but more Armenians from surrounding villages joined them during the Ottoman offensive. Like the Hunchaks, the Dashnaks aimed to create an Armenian state and believed that an European intervention was necessary. [37], In 1918, the party was instrumental in the creation of the First Republic of Armenia, which fell to the Soviet communists in 1920. Some Armenians in the US thought Moscow tried to use the Armenian Church to promote Communists' ideas outside the country. This was faced by strong ARF opposition, because the ARF perceived the tsarist edict as a threat to the Armenian national existence. This resulted at many times in feuds and rift between the Hunchaks and the Dashnaks in many centers of the Armenian diaspora, a situation becoming worse with religious differences, with the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party supporting Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin of the Armenian Apostolic Church and the ARF supporting the Holy See of Cilicia. However, the Hunchaks soon withdrew due to disputes over ideological and organizational questions, such as the role of socialism in the party's program. [111][112][113] In the final years of the Soviet Union, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation established a branch in Nagorno-Karabakh. [98] In 2008, ARF re-joined the ruling political coalition in Armenia[40] and supported strong police actions during the 2008 Armenian presidential election protests that led to ten deaths. The battle was a major military success for the Armenian army as it was able to halt the invading Turkish forces. In June 2011, a new Lebanese government was formed where ARF party members were appointed to two ministerial positions, including Ministry of Industry, as part of the March 8 alliance. Nazarbekian and Mikayelian planned jointly to edit Hunchak---the journal of the new Dashnaktsutiun---in Geneva. He states that although the Dashnaks were socialist, they emphasized on nationalism to unite all Armenian population. The Hunchak and Dashnak Party Manifestos called for armed revolution in the Ottoman Empire. [29] As of December 2018 was represented in two national parliaments with three seats in the National Assembly of Artsakh and three seats in the Parliament of Lebanon[30][31] as part of the March 8 Alliance. [97] In the presidential election, Hovhannisyan placed fourth with 6.2% of the vote. The Hunchak Party is the oldest of the two and the first Armenian revolutionary organization to be founded. This name is still used by the Dashnaks today. [79] The refusal of the ARF, along with most Armenian groups, to play an active role in the civil war, however, soured relations between the two parties, and the Lebanese Forces (a militia dominated by Phalangists and commanded by Bachir Gemayel, Pierre Gemayel's son), responded by attacking the Armenian quarters of many Lebanese towns, including Bourj Hammoud. Following the start of the Armenian Velvet Revolution, ARF broke its coalition with the Republican Party and moved into opposition; later on, the party supported Nikol Pashinyan's new cabinet. [74] In 1933, members of ARF were convicted in the assassination of Armenian archbishop Levon Tourian in New York City. Jevdet Bey, the Ottoman administrator of Van, tried to suppress the resistance by killing two Armenian leaders (Ishkhan and Vramian) and trying to imprison Aram Manukian, who had risen to fame and gained the nickname "Aram of Van". In 1905, members of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation organized the failed Yıldız Attempt, an assassination plot on Sultan Abdul Hamid II in the capital of the Ottoman Empire, Constantinople (modern day Istanbul);[54] the explosion missed its target by a few minutes. In the late 19th century, the Russian Empire became the hub of small groups advocating reform in Armenian-populated areas in the Ottoman Empire. Prior to Serzh Sargsyan's election as president of Armenia and for a short time thereafter, the ARF was a member of the governing coalition, even though it nominated its own candidate in the presidential elections.[40]. Relations soured further when on 5 August 2007 by-election in the Metn district, which includes the predominantly Armenian area of Bourj Hammoud, ARF decided to support Camille Khoury, the candidate backed by opposition leader Michel Aoun's Free Patriotic Movement against Phalangist leader Amine Gemayel and subsequently won the seat. During this period, many famous intellectuals joined the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, including Harutiun Shahrigian, Avetik Isahakyan, Hakob Zavriev, Levon Shant, Karekin Khajag, Vartkes Serengülian, Abraham Gyulkhandanyan, Vahan Papazian, Siamanto, Nikol Aghbalian and many others. This system is unofficially still living. In the midst of increasing sectarian strife in the late 1960s and early 1970s, however, Lebanon's Armenian community began to close ranks, and in 1972, the Hunchakian Party ran a joint ticket with the Dashnaks. [35] The original aim of the ARF was to gain autonomy for the Armenian-populated areas in the Ottoman Empire by means of armed rebellion. The party set its goal of a society based on the democratic principles of freedom of assembly, freedom of speech, freedom of religion and agrarian reform. The ARF and Hunchakian parties struggled in 1926 for control of the newly established shanty-town of Bourj Hammoud in Lebanon; ARF member Vahan Vartabedian was assassinated. Despite this, the party began to organize itself in the Ottoman Empire and convened its First General Congress in 1892, where a program containing socialist principles was adopted. However, the new state was devastated, with a dislocated economy, hundreds of thousands of refugees, and a mostly starving population. The ARF has always maintained its ideological commitment to "a Free, Independent, and United Armenia". Hunchak party fought many battles against the Ottoman Empire, to free the Armenian people from Turkish rule. [46] During that period, the ARF regarded armed activity, including terror, as necessary for the achievement of political goals. The guerrilla organization has sometimes been linked to the Dashnaks.[80]. The Hunchakian party has established affiliate organizations such as the AEBU which is an organization that helps with educational, health and social care, the Armenian Dkhrouhi Youth Association and HMM (Homenmen) which is a sporting organization (not to be confused with Homenetmen). Second, Ottoman Armenian Dashnak and Hunchak guerrillas and their civilian accomplices admittedly organized political revolutionary groups and waged war against their own government. [62] In a general assembly meeting in 1907, the ARF acknowledged that the Armenian and Turkish revolutionaries had the same goals. He and several other lawyers "made openly contemptuous declarations" about this discrepancy to the Russian press, which was forbidden to attend the trials, and this in turn greatly embarrassed the senators. It was the first socialist party to operate in the Ottoman Empire and in Iran, also known as Persia. Just before the Armistice of Mudros was signed, Andranik was on the way from Zangezur to Shusha, to control the main city of Karabakh. [34] Compared to other diasporan Armenian parties which tend to primarily focus on educational or humanitarian projects, the ARF is the most politically oriented of the organizations and traditionally has been one of the staunchest supporters of Armenian nationalism. It denounced the Ottoman regime and the unbearable conditions of life for its Armenians and advocated changing the regime in power and securing more rights through revolution and armed struggle. In 1920 the situation in the country became worse, with apparent rapprochement between Soviet Russia and Kemal's Turkey. Soviet Russia intensified its pressure on Armenia. Terrorism, including the murder of ... Dashnaks from Russia were the leaders of rebellion. ]", "Armenian Nationalist Party Threatens President Over Turkey Protocols", "Azerbaijan: Baku Reaches Out to Armenian Hard-liners in Karabakh PR Bid", "The first numbers of the lists of eleven political forces presented their visions of the fight against corruption and economic development", "It is necessary to get rid of the phrase 'there are no means, there can be no reforms.' In 2007, the ARF was not part of but had a cooperation agreement in place with the governing coalition, which consisted of two parties in the government coalition, the Republican Party and Prosperous Armenia Party. [72] The Armenians also stood their ground at the Battle of Kara Killisse and at the Battle of Bash Abaran. [88] However, because of tight communist control, the ARF could not operate in the Armenian SSR and the political party remained banned until 1991. The Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, is the oldest continuously-operating Armenian political party, founded in 1887 by a group of students in Geneva, Switzerland. After the end of the Van resistance, ARF leader Aram Manukian became governor of the Administration for Western Armenia and worked to ease the sufferings of Armenians. [126], The ARF is considered the foremost organization in the Armenian diaspora, having established numerous Armenian schools, community centers, Scouting and athletic groups, relief societies, youth groups, camps, and other organs throughout the world.[34]. [124], A member of the ARF is called Dashnaktsakan (in Eastern Armenian) or Tashnagtsagan (in Western Armenian), or Dashnak/Tashnag for short. In the 2000s, the party usually garnered some 10 to 15 percent of the vote in national elections. [54] Among the 500 fedayees participating in the resistance were famed figures such as Kevork Chavush, Sepasdatsi Murad and Hrayr Djoghk. The National Ecclesiastic Assembly, which was largely influenced by the ARF, elected Zareh of Aleppo. [50] Kerensky succeeded in having the evidence reexamined for one of the defendants. [123] In 1996, it was re-accepted as an observer member, and in 1999 the Dashnaks earned full membership in the international organization. It aided the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army by sending armed volunteers to the front lines and supplying the army with weapons, food, medicine and moral support. The ARF also gained popularity by intensifying its social aid programs to those in need in Armenia, especially in the rural areas. [66] The Dashnaktsutiun was also involved in other less-successful resistance movements in Zeitun, Shabin-Karahisar, Urfa, and Musa Dagh. [38], However, the ARF members Arsen Artsruni and Armenak Mnjoyan were arrested,[91][92] and Mnjoyan died while in prison in early 2019. It traces back its heritage from the Shushi independent battalion of the previous war, and is simply called the "ARF battalion".[100]. [90] Several months after the elections, most of the men were found not guilty with the exception of several defendants charged for engaging in corrupt business practices. Two radio stations are aired everyday, including one online. The Armenakans, assisted by members of the Hunchakian and ARF parties, supplied all able-bodied men of Van with weapons. The ARF had and still has socialism within its political philosophy. They were young persons, in their twenties, and were from well‑to‑do bourgeois families who were financially supporting them. [38] After its leadership was exiled by the communists, the ARF established itself within Armenian diaspora communities, where it helped Armenians preserve their cultural identity. Although the Tanzimat reforms had given Armenians more rights and seats in the parliament, the ARF hoped to gain autonomy to govern Armenian populated areas of the Ottoman Empire as a "state within a state". The Armenian awakening and subsequent resistance to and defense from the Turks was due primarily to two political parties: The Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF commonly Dashnaks) and the Hunchak Party. Prior to his murder, the archbishop had been accused of being exclusively pro-Soviet by the ARF. Sometimes he was viewed as being ignorant, while at other times he was dubbed a great hero. All of the 7 founders of Hunchakian party were Russian-Armenian Marxist students who had left Russia to continue their higher education in universities of Western Europe. Get Textbooks on Google Play. In the 1950s, it clashed, sometimes violently, with the Dashnak Party, due to tensions that escalated when the ARF elected Bishop Zareh as Catholicos of Cilicia, a move that was rejected by the Hunchaks. Even when they didn't take part as such in elections, Armenian parties such as Dashnak exerted an influence on them.[82][83][84][85]. [117] The ARF first set down its ideological and political goals during the Hamidian regime. [66] Moreover, on 19 April, he issued an order to exterminate all Armenians, and threatened to kill all Muslims who helped them.[67]. In addition to its parliamentary seats, the following governmental ministries were also headed by ARF members: Ministry of Agriculture, Davit Lokian;[93] Ministry of Education and Science, Levon Mkrtchian;[94] Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, Aghvan Vardanian;[95] Ministry of Healthcare, Norair Davidian. cit., no. The party then lost political representation after 2018 Armenian parliamentary election after receiving only 3.89% of the votes, which is lower than the 5% minimum threshold required for representation in the parliament. [54] In June 1896, the Armenakan Party organized the Van Rebellion in the province of Van. La Fédération révolutionnaire arménienne (en arménien oriental Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցություն, Hay Heghapokhakan Dachnaktsoutioun ; en arménien occidental Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն, Hay Heghapokha Other than calling each other by name, members formally address one another as Comrade (Ընկեր or Unger for boys and men, Ընկերուհի or Ungerouhi for girls and women). M. P. Cambon, Ambassadeur de la Republique française à Constantinople, ŕ M. Hanotaux, Ministre des affaires étrangères, p. 239; et no. After the Persian national parliament was shelled by the Russian Colonel Vladimir Liakhov, Yeprem Khan rallied with Sattar Khan and other revolutionary leaders in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran against Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar. The newly formed League of Nations did not provide any help. In the midst of the Lebanese civil war, the shadowy guerrilla organization Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide emerged and carried out assassinations from 1975 to 1983. [52] They established that the movement was one that had political, ideological and economic components and was thus aimed at establishing law and order, human rights and the interests of all working people. ARF then reentered Sargsyan's cabinet in February 2016 in what was defined as a "long-term political cooperation" agreement with the Republican Party by means of which the ARF would share responsibility for all government policies. The party is in favor of Armenia's continued political association and economic integration with the European Union. [114] The Dashnaks actively supported the independence of Nagorno-Karabakh (or Artsakh as Armenians call it). This caused tensions between the Dashnaks and Khan. [57], From 1923 to 1958, conflicts erupted among Armenian political parties struggling to dominate and organize the diaspora. Hunchak party fought many battles against the Ottoman Empire, to free the Armenian people from Turkish rule. Subsequently, on 28 December 1994, President Levon Ter-Petrosyan in a famous television speech banned the ARF, which was the nation's leading opposition party, along with Yerkir, the country's largest daily newspaper. [47] The Russian Tsar's envoy in the Caucasus, Vorontsov-Dashkov, reported that the ARF bore a major portion of responsibilities for perpetrating the massacres. In January 1991, the Dashnaktsutiun won the parliamentary election and governed as the ruling party during the entirety of the Nagorno-Karabakh war. ARF or ARF-D) also known as Dashnaktsutyun[b] (collectively referred to as Dashnaks for short), is an Armenian nationalist and socialist political party[24][25][26][27] founded in 1890 in Tiflis, Russian Empire (now Tbilisi, Georgia) by Christapor Mikaelian, Stepan Zorian, and Simon Zavarian. Second, Ottoman Armenian Dashnak and Hunchak guerrillas and their civilian accomplices admittedly organized political revolutionary groups and waged war against their own government. Just as Armenian Dashnak and Hunchak violence often did not differentiate between "Innocent" Kurdish or Armenian villagers and "guilty" Ottoman soldiers, so the Ottoman govexnment's reaction to Armenian demands for autonomy and Independence was charactenzed by its lack of Large-scale arrests occurred in 1893, in Marsovan, [122] It later joined the reformed Socialist International and remained a full member until 1960, when it decided to pull out of the organization. ", "ARF Joins Party of European Socialists as Observer Member", "ARF news 'Yerkir', Hrant Markarian Speech", "Report on Armenia's Parliamentary Election May 30, 1999", Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Embassy of the United States of America to Armenia, "Armenian Revolutionary Federation Founded, Armenian history timeline", "Tachnaq party holds 2 seats in Lebanese National Assembly", "ARF among parties running in NKR elections", "U.S. Embassy releases study on Armenian-Americans", "Goals of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation", "RA Prime Minister Tigran Sargsyan's Speech at General Meeting of ARF "Dashnaktsutyun, "ARF Signs 'Political Cooperation' Agreement with Government", "ARF's Supreme Council Approves Nomination of Serzh Sargsyan for Prime Minister", "Khanasor Expedition, Armenian history timeline", "Eyewitness account of the start of the Armenian Genocide", "Punishment of the Executors of the Armenian Genocide", "Genocide survivors recall victory at Sardarapat", "Soviet background separates two Armenian churches in US", "Tashnag says offers of compromise were snubbed", "The Arab-American handbook: a guide to the Arab, Arab-American & Muslim worlds", "Armenian Revolutionary Federation – Dashnaktsutiun", "Վճիռ ցմահ դատապարտյալ Արսեն Արծրունու գործով. The blows suffered at the hands of the Dashnakist fighting squads proved a catalyst for the consolidation of the Muslim community of the Caucasus. [56] The purpose of the raid was to dictate the ARF's demands of reform in the Armenian populated areas of the Ottoman Empire and to attract European attention to their cause since the Europeans had many assets in the bank. They were the organizers and the "enforcers" who turned the Armenians of Anatolia into rebel soldiers. [28] Today the party operates in Armenia, Artsakh, Lebanon, Iran and in countries where the Armenian diaspora is present. [63] Between December 1912 and 1914 ARF politicians held negotiations with the CUP about political reforms in the eastern provinces. Its headquarters located in Damask and has more than thousand fighters, trained in the Palestinian bases. [123] The party was also a member of the Labour and Socialist International between 1923 and 1940. It also advocates the establishment of United Armenia, partially based on the Treaty of Sèvres of 1920. The Armenian Legion, composed largely of former Soviet Red Army POWs, was led by Drastamat Kanayan. [1] It was founded in 1887 by Avetis Nazarbekian, Mariam Vardanian, Ruben Khan-Azat and others, who studied in Geneva, Switzerland, with the goal to gain Armenia's independence from the Ottoman Empire, which is part of Armenian national liberation movement. The situation was complicated externally, provoked by Turkish and Azerbaijani Muslim riots. [53] Nonetheless, the ARF came to collaborate with him and alongside Yeprem Khan posted many victories including the capture of Rasht in February 1909. [36], In 1905–06, the Armenian-Tatar massacres broke out during which the ARF became involved in armed activities. [54][58] Some Armenians consider this their first victory over the Ottoman Empire and celebrate each year in its remembrance. In the 2009 Lebanese general elections, the ARF won 2 seats in parliament which it holds presently. One of Armenia's famous national heroes Andranik Ozanian, at first, joined the Hunchak party,[3] but disagreement with party policies led Andranik to leave the Hunchak ranks and join the Dashnak party.[4]. Although they managed to hold off the Ottoman army for several months, despite their lack of fighters and firepower, Ottoman forces captured Sasun and massacred thousands of Armenians.[54]. In an innovation on 24–25 November 2007, the ARF conducted a non-binding Armenia-wide primary election. The federation lasted for only three months, eventually leading to the proclamation of the Republics of Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan. In 1894, the ARF took part in the Sasun Resistance, supplying arms to the local population to help the people of Sasun defend themselves against the Hamidian purges. This was not an easy task, because at first most [57] This event split the large Armenian community of Lebanon, creating sporadic clashes between the supporters of Zareh and those who opposed his election. In 1908, Abdul Hamid II was overthrown during the Young Turk Revolution, which launched the Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire. The Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Armenian: Հայ Յեղափոխական Դաշնակցութիւն, ՀՅԴ (classical spelling)[a], abbr. They rose to defend the civilians from the attack and subsequent massacre. The party refrained from revolutionary activity in the Russian Empire until the decision of the Russian authorities to confiscate Armenian Church property in 1903.
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