The modern nation-state of Iraq was created following World War I from the Ottoman provinces of Baghdad, Basra, and Mosul. Cookie-policy; To contact us: mail to admin@qwerty.wiki The updated book includes the recent American invasion, the fall of Saddam Hussein and the subsequent descent into civil strife. In January 2005, the Iraqi people elected a 275-member Iraqi National Assembly. 1991 April - UN-approved haven established in northern Iraq to protect the Kurds. Dhows anchored in the Shatt al-Arab, Iraq. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. This quiz will show you two countries. The goal was to focus on a new cultural life for modern Iraq and to emphasize Iraq's uniqueness, especially in the Arab world. Modern Iraq covers most of the area of ancient Mesopotamia, which was home to the East Semitic Assyrian and Babylonian empires. Corrections? Patients are dying because of a lack of medical oxygen supplies, doctors warn. Iraq ordered to end all... Operation Desert Fox. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, with historical and urban settlements dating back to 4000 BC. 2007 September - Controversy over private security contractors after Blackwater security guards allegedly fire at civilians in Baghdad, killing 17. Establishment of the Arab Union, 1958. 2004 August - Fighting in Najaf between US forces and Shia militia of radical cleric Moqtada Sadr. Iraq ordered to end all military activity in the area. 1980-1988 - Iran-Iraq war results in stalemate. The southern desert is known as Al-Ḥajarah in the western part and as Al-Dibdibah in the east. Biden says Armenian mass killing was genocide, A city where breathing has become a luxury, Why Elon Musk's SpaceX has got a tiny island angry. The Iran–Iraq War began on 22 September 1980, when Iraq invaded Iran, and ended on 20 August 1988, when Iran accepted the UN-brokered ceasefire. A wave of pre-summit attacks kills scores of people. Constitutional history Iraq has been a hotbed of political turmoil throughout its history. Kurdish forces, US and Iran assist government in repelling attacks. Since its first appearance in 2000, it has become a classic in the field of Middle East studies, read and admired by students, soldiers, policymakers and journalists. It has been recognized since 1913 as the boundary between western Kuwait and Iraq. The region that is now included in the somewhat artificial nation-state of Iraq has had a very important role in world history. Most have condemned the hubris and historical insouciance of the administration of George Bush. 1998 October - Iraq ends cooperation with UN Special Commission to Oversee the Destruction of Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction. 2005 January - Elections for a Transitional National Assembly. No other nation, except Israel, has more biblical history and prophecy associated with it than Iraq. Experience the history, from the Sumerians to modern-day Iraq through this interactive timeline. The history of Iraq begins here, not simply as the history of the state's formal institutions, but as the histories of all those who found themselves drawn into the new regime of power. North of the alluvial plains, between the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers, is the arid Al-Jazīrah plateau. This paper examines the history of Iraq's oil industry from World War I to 1972 and assesses the "winners and losers" of the Iraq oil game. It was either enduring fights among its states and emirates, or falling prey to foreign invasions. 2006 December - Saddam Hussein is executed for crimes against humanity. Car bomb in Najaf kills 125 including Shia leader Ayatollah Mohammed Baqr al-Hakim. No_Favorite. Iraq wanted to replace Iran as the dominant Persian Gulf state, and was worried that the 1979 Iranian Revolution would lead Iraq's Shi'ite majority to rebel against the Ba'athist government. The Islamic conquest of Persia (633–656) and the end of the Sassanid Empire was a turning point in Iranian history. 1917 - Britain seizes Baghdad during First World War. Media in category "History of Iraq". Video, Music video and wedding filmed at erupting volcano, George Floyd: How Black Lives Matter protesters feel now. Each of these regions extends into neighbouring countries, although the alluvial plains lie largely within Iraq. In 1917, Iraq became a British protectorate1. With proven oil reserves second in the world only to those of Saudi Arabia, the regime was able to finance ambitious projects and development plans throughout the 1970s and to build one of the largest and best-equipped armed forces in the Arab world. The goal was to focus on a new cultural life for modern Iraq and to emphasize Iraq's uniqueness, especially in … share. Skip forward to 2003, and the US + others invasion of Iraq. 2003 August - Suicide truck bomb wrecks UN headquarters in Baghdad, killing UN envoy Sergio Vieira de Mello. رؤية غير تقليدية في تاريخ العراق. 1941 - Britain re-occupies Iraq after pro-Axis coup during Second World War. Britain retains military bases. For over 3000 years the Sumerian civilization flourished in the Tigris-Euphrates river valley. Its most prominent hill range is the Sinjār Mountains, whose highest peak reaches an elevation of 4,448 feet (1,356 metres). 2016 April - Supporters of cleric Moqtada al-Sadr storm parliament building demanding new government to fight corruption and end allocation of government posts along sectarian lines. During the same year, Britain See also our 1900-2000: Iraq timeline. Additionally, Jacob’s sons, the 12 tribes of Israel, were all born in Iraq, and Daniel lived in Iraq most of his life. Near Al-Qurnah, where the Tigris and Euphrates converge to form the Shaṭṭ al-ʿArab, there are still some inhabited marshes. 1992 August - A no-fly zone, which Iraqi planes are not allowed to enter, is set up in southern Iraq. 1963 - Prime Minister Qasim is ousted in a coup led by the pan-Arab Baath Party. 2002 September - US President George W Bush tells UN Iraq poses "grave and gathering danger". The capital of Iraq is Baghdad.. Iraq has been known by the Greek name Mesopotamia which means (Land between the rivers) and has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC. 1991 Mid-March/early April - Southern Shia and northern Kurdish populations - encouraged by Iraq's defeat in Kuwait - rebel, prompting a brutal crackdown. 46 Interesting Syria Facts. This wealthy region, comprising much of what is called the Fertile Crescent, later became a valuable part of larger imperial polities, including sundry Persian, Greek, and Roman dynasties, and after the 7th century it became a central and integral part of the Islamic world. Army offensive drives back Kurdish forces in a move aimed at halting the regional government's moves towards an independent Kurdistan. A temple to the moon god Nanna, or Sin, was situ… The western desert, an extension of the Syrian Desert, rises to elevations above 1,600 feet (490 metres). Since its first appearance in 2000, it has become a classic in the field of Middle East studies, read and admired by … The Iraq War. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, The Arab conquest and the early Islamic period, The 16th-century conquest of Iraq and the regime imposed by Süleyman I, The fall of the Mamlūks and the consolidation of British interests, British occupation and the mandatory regime, World War II and British intervention, 1939–45, Postwar reconstruction and social upheavals, 1945–58, The Coalition Provisional Authority and insurgency, U.S. withdrawal and the rise of the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), The struggle for stability and reform after ISIL, Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Iraq, Iraq - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Iraq - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Euphrates River at Khān al-Baghdādī, Iraq. VideoGeorge Floyd: How Black Lives Matter protesters feel now, 'As long as I can play in the Olympics, I'm happy' Video'As long as I can play in the Olympics, I'm happy', Man arrested for infecting 22 people with Covid1, Gymnasts' outfits take on sexualisation in sport2, Indian hospitals send SOS as Covid toll surges3, Biden says Armenian mass killing was genocide4, Missing Indonesian submarine sank off Bali5, Sia named worst director for her film Music6, 'They wanted to tie me and my child to a horse'7, A city where 'breathing has become a luxury'8, Second cryptocurrency platform closes in Turkey10. And the original sin of the war in Afghanistan was going to war in Iraq. Music video and wedding filmed at erupting volcano. The Modern History of Iraq. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. History of Iraq. 2005 May onwards - Surge in car bombings, bomb explosions and shootings: government puts civilian death toll for May at 672, up from 364 in April. 2 edition This edition was published in August 2003 by Westview Press. Al-Ḥajarah has a complex topography of rocky desert, wadis, ridges, and depressions. History of Iraq. To understand Iraq, Charles Tripp's history is the book to read. 2017 November - Government forces with Shia and Kurdish allies drive Islamic State out of all but a few redoubts. By 1955, the United States enlisted Iraq as a charter member of the Baghdad Pact, an anti-Soviet defense partnership linking Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Turkey, and Britain, with informal U.S. backing. Followed by Jordan, it is thus the Middle Eastern state with the least access to the sea and offshore sovereignty. To understand Iraq, Charles Tripp's history is the book to read. Updates? 2002 November - UN weapons inspectors return to Iraq backed by a UN resolution which threatens serious consequences if Iraq is in "material breach" of its terms. 1920 - League of Nations approves British mandate in Iraq, prompting nationwide revolt. 2003 July - US-appointed Governing Council meets for first time. 1974 - Iraq grants limited autonomy to Kurdish region. In April 2003, the Coalition Provisional Authority, a transitional government, was established. Iraq profile - timeline Baathists in power. The Very Ancient History. Saddam ousted. 2013 April - Sunni insurgency intensifies, with levels of violence matching those of 2008. Iraq has 36 miles (58 km) of coastline along the northern end of the Persian Gulf, giving it a tiny sliver of territorial sea. 2004 March - Suicide bombers attack Shia festival-goers in Karbala and Baghdad, killing 140 people. They cover more than 51,000 square miles (132,000 square km), almost one-third of the country’s area, and are characterized by low elevation, below 300 feet (100 metres), and poor natural drainage. This is a political as opposed to a social economic history of Iraq in the wake of the fall of the monarchy and the overthrow of the old parliamentary system established by … 1958 האיחוד הערבי.png 571 × 321; 82 KB. Mandatory Iraq – British Empire 1920-1932 INDEPENDENCE . The Sumerians invented writing and started the first recorded history. From Mesopotamia to the rise of Islamic State, Jack continues looking at the history of Middle East. Tripp argues that the history of Iraq throughout the twentieth century has shaped where it is today. … 36 Interesting Israel Facts. Political instability on an even greater scale followed the overthrow of the monarchy in 1958, but the installation of an Arab nationalist and socialist regime—the Baʿath Party—in a bloodless coup 10 years later brought new stability. 2013 September - Series of bombings hits Kurdistan capital Irbil in the first such attack since 2007. Mamluk Dynasty. The deep Wadi Al-Bāṭin runs 45 miles (75 km) in a northeast-southwest direction through Al-Dibdibah. IRAQ, since the Hammurabi rule about 22 centuries ago, rarely enjoyed stability. © 2021 BBC. Have India's rallies helped spread coronavirus? However tentativ e or resisted at fi rst, new ways of engaging with state 1996 September - US extends northern limit of southern no-fly zone to just south of Baghdad. 1972 - Iraq nationalises the Iraq Petroleum Company. 1958 - The monarchy is overthrown in a left-wing military coup led by Abd-al-Karim Qasim. What about your third book, Iraq Since 1958: From Revolution to Dictatorship, by Marion Farouk-Sluglett and Peter Sluglett? from Arabic: عراقيين ʻIrāqīyīn; from العراق al-ʿIrāq, from Aramaic: Erech. Indian hospitals send SOS as Covid toll surges. Iraq is one of the easternmost countries of the Arab world, located at about the same latitude as the southern United States. It is the first major summit to be held in Iraq since the fall of Saddam Hussein. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. By July the country is described as being yet again in a state of full-blown sectarian war. The alluvial plains contain extensive lakes. During ancient times, lands that now constitute Iraq were known as Mesopotamia. A history of Iraq aspects of it were soon felt in the three Mesopotamian pro vinces. Iran enjoys one of the richest historical lineages of any modern state stretching back several thousand years. 1920: Iraq comes under British mandate after the fall of the Ottoman empire in 1918.. 1921: Faisal I becomes king of Iraq (Aug. 23).. 1932: Iraq achieves independence from Britain (Oct. 3).. 1933: Faisal I dies and is succeeded by his son, Ghazi. 2017 September - Kurds back independence in referendum staged by Kurdish regional government. 2008 November - Parliament approves a security pact with the United States, under which all US troops are due to leave the country by the end of 2011. To put it briefly, Iraq has a uniquely rich Aramaic, or Syriac, Christian history. The Medes unified Iran as a nation and empire in 625 BC. Read about our approach to external linking. In the 1970s a cultural campaign was launched to influence a national consciousness based on Iraq's history, including the pre-Islam era and the former glory of Mesopotamia and Babylon. Commander of US forces says his troops face low-intensity guerrilla-style war. From earliest times Iraq was known as Mesopotamia?the land between the rivers?for it embraces a large part of the alluvial plains of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. 2006 November - Iraq and Baathist Syria restore diplomatic relations after nearly a quarter century. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Sunni bloc boycotts parliament and cabinet. Hundreds are killed. Iraqi Jews constitute one of the world's oldest and most historically significant Jewish communities. Since its first appearance in 2000, it has become a classic in the field of Middle East studies, read and admired by … Identify the one with the larger population. The contemporary name comes from the Aramaic name of Uruk (Erech), which became Baghdad imposes punitive measures. A massive US-led military campaign forces Iraq to withdraw in February 1991. Rich history. Scroll through to tour a history of Iraq, from the Sumerians to modern day. 2019 September-November - At least 400 people die in protests against unemployment and corruption in cities including the capital Baghdad, prompting Adel Abdul Mahdi to tender his resignation. 2005 June - Massoud Barzani is sworn in as regional president of Iraqi Kurdistan. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, with historical and urban settlements dating back to 4000 BC. The following 106 files are in this category, out of 106 total. One of the most important developments in world history is taking place in Mesopotamia.Here, on the flood plains of the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, the fertile soil brought down from the mountains by the great rivers has given rise to much denser populations than anywhere else in the world. VideoMusic video and wedding filmed at erupting volcano, Trauma, genocide and my invisible illness, 'They wanted to tie me and my child to a horse', Palestinian leaders face reckoning as rare elections loom, George Floyd: How Black Lives Matter protesters feel now. A short history of Iraq, focusing on foreign intervention, imperialism and attempts by Western powers to control oil and other resources in the country and the rest of the Middle East. What is happening in Iraq in 3500BCE. The capital city is Baghdad. 2. Advanced embedding details, examples, and help! 2010 March - Elections. For over 3000 years the Sumerian civilization flourished in the Tigris-Euphrates river valley. The swampy Lake Al-Ḥammār (Hawr al-Ḥammār) extends 70 miles (110 km) from Basra (Al-Baṣrah) to Sūq al-Shuyūkh; its width varies from 8 to 15 miles (13 to 25 km). Briefly, it appeared that the United States had found a formula for ensuring the long-term stability and anti-communism of Iraq. Four years later, the British colonial government helped set up the Hashemite monarchy2 in Iraq. 1921 - Britain appoints Feisal, son of Hussein Bin Ali, the Sherif of Mecca, as king. Take a brief look at Iraq's history leading up to the U.S.-led invasion of the country in 2003, which toppled Iraqi Pres. A new constitution for the country was ratified that October. 2003 December - Saddam Hussein captured in Tikrit. This video shows how Iraq Went from a Pro-British Hashemite Dynasty to a modern Republic Facing Conflict from the Foreign Nations that had intervened in Iraq … 2016 November - Parliament recognises the Shia Popular Mobilisation Units (PMU) militia as part of the armed forces with full legal status. Read about our approach to external linking. 2005 April - Amid escalating violence, parliament selects Kurdish leader Jalal Talabani as president. The history of Iraq from 2003 to 2011 began with the U.S.-led invasion of the country in March 2003 which overthrew the Ba'ath Party government of Saddam Hussein.This was followed by a war that lasted from 2003 to 2011, and ended when U.S. troops left the country. 1988 March - Iraq attacks Kurdish town of Halabjah with poison gas, killing thousands. Iraq’s topography can be divided into four physiographic regions: the alluvial plains of the central and southeastern parts of the country; Al-Jazīrah (Arabic: “the Island”), an upland region in the north between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; deserts in the west and south; and the highlands in the northeast. 2009 June - US troops withdraw from towns and cities in Iraq, six years after the invasion, having formally handed over security duties to new Iraqi forces. Iraq plays a rich and vital contribution to Christian history, and after Israel, Iraq has the most biblical history than any other country in the world. It has been ruled by the Babylonians, the Hittites, the Kassites, the Chaldeans, the Greeks, the Romans, the Iranians, and finally the Muslims who began their conquest in the early 7th century. On May 28, 1958, the United States recognized the Arab Union that formed between Iraq and the … Iraq became a charter member of the Arab League in 1945, and Iraqi troops took part in the Arab invasion of Palestine in 1948. EMBED. In Arabic, the name Iraq means“deeply rooted, well watered; fertile.” The name has been in use since before the sixth century. 2015-2016 - Government and Islamic State forces fight for control of Tikrit and Anbar Province. The term al-¤Iraq (meaning the shore of a great river along its length, as well as the grazing land surrounding it) By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Iraq leaves the pro-British Baghdad Pact. A History of Iraq. 2006 April - Newly re-elected President Talabani asks Shia compromise candidate Nouri al-Maliki to form a new government, ending months of deadlock. The Islamic State of Iraq group says it was responding to alleged Iraqi Kurdish support for Kurds fighting jihadists in Syria. Author of, Which Country Is Larger By Population? It is bordered to the north by Turkey, to the east by Iran, to the west by Syria and Jordan, and to the south by Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. 2011 December - US completes troop pull-out. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Before it descended into war, Syria was a land of rich history and modern charm. Iraq, country of southwestern Asia. Iraq has been a hotbed of political turmoil throughout its history. The book of Nahum was a prophecy against a city in Iraq. Non-traditional view of Iraq's history. The Islamic conquest of Persia (633–656) and the end of the Sassanid Empire was a turning point in Iranian history. 2007 January - US President Bush announces a new Iraq strategy; thousands more US troops will be dispatched to shore up security in Baghdad. … T he original sin of the war in Iraq was going to war in Iraq. The most important of the world's agricultural revolutions took place in the mountains to the north of the Tigris-Euphrates Rivers Valley somewhere around 6000 BCE. 2015 March - Islamic State destroys Assyrian archaeological sites of Nimrud and Hatra. The main watercourse is the Wadi Al-Tharthār, which runs southward for 130 miles (210 km) from the Sinjār Mountains to the Tharthār (Salt) Depression. By the year-end the UN estimates the 2013 death toll of civilians as 7,157 - a dramatic increase in the previous year's figure of 3,238. He appoints Adel Abdul Mahdi as prime minister, with the support of the Shia majority of MPs. 1991 April - Iraq subjected to weapons inspection programme. Ibrahim Jaafari, a Shia, is named as prime minister. These conflicts left the country isolated from the international community and financially and socially drained, but—through unprecedented coercion directed at major sections of the population, particularly the country’s disfranchised Kurdish minority and the Shiʿi majority—Saddam himself was able to maintain a firm hold on power into the 21st century. Explore its beauty and its tragedy with a list of interesting Syria facts. At age 3, King Faisal II succeeded his father, Ghazi I, who was killed in an automobile accident in 1939. Other ethnic groups in various areas of the country like the Assyrians, the Ch… Around 4800 BC, Sumerians were the very first people to settle in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq), marking the emergence of the first human civilization. Elevation in the southern desert averages between 300 and 1,200 feet (100 to 400 metres). 1904-2003: History of Iraq. A history of Iraq ratives, playing themselv es out at di ff erent rates in the three pro vinces. 1979 - Saddam Hussein takes over from President Al-Bakr. A History of Iraqi Occupation Assyrian Empire . 1963 - The Baathist government is overthrown, but seizes power again five years later. During ancient times, lands that now constitute Iraq were known as Mesopotamia (“Land Between the Rivers”), a region whose extensive alluvial plains gave rise to some of the world’s earliest civilizations, including those of Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria. Brief Overview of the History of Iraq The land of Iraq is often called the "Cradle of Civilization" because the oldest civilization in the world, the Sumerians, was formed here. Know about the rich cultural history of Iraq before the invasion by U.S.-led forces in 2003, which overthrew President Saddam Hussein. 2003 – 2011. 2018 October - Parliament elects veteran Kurdish politician Barham Salih as president. The Euphrates River at Khān al-Baghdādī, on the edge of Al-Jazīrah plateau in north-central Iraq. The political bloc of Shia cleric Moqtada al-Sadr wins most votes. 2013 October - Government says October is deadliest month since April 2008, with 900 killed. History of Iraq Great Britain gained control of Iraq, previously known as Mesopotamia, after the First World War. An advanced civilization existed in this area by 4000 B.C. It is the birthplace of history itself and home to the worlds oldest civilizations. 2006 June - Al-Qaeda leader in Iraq, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, is killed in an air strike. Arrest warrant issued for vice-president Tariq al-Hashemi, a leading Sunni politician. 1932 - Mandate ends, Iraq becomes independent. 2011 January - Radical Shia cleric Moqtada Sadr returns after four years of self-imposed exile in Iran. 2018 May - Parliamentary elections. Evidence for a very advanced culture from Abraham’s day has been unearthed at Ur. Western and southern Iraq is a vast desert region covering some 64,900 square miles (168,000 square km), almost two-fifths of the country. The Turkish Petroleum Company's (TPC) creation by the UK aimed at seeking concessions to explore for Iraqi oil, to eliminate rivalry among TPC's partners and to compete with US oil companies. 2004 April-May - Photographic evidence emerges of abuse of Iraqi prisoners by US troops at Abu Ghreib prison in Baghdad. In this land are found two West Syriac and three East Syriac communities, as well as two communities in communion with the Bishop of Rome and three Churches which are not.
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