Van Renterghem, Vanessa, "Invisibles ou absents? He used his position to declare full independence from the British Kingdom. H. J. Kissling, B. Spuler, N. Barbour, J. S. Trimingham, H. Braun, H. Hartel. The Ottoman troops marched onto Bidlis and committed atrocities against civilians as they passed through Rozhiki territory. Flag of Kingdom of Kurdistan (1922-1924).svg 1,050 × 750; 315 bytes. The Department of Foreign Relations is mandated to promote the interests of the Kurdistan Region and its people in regard to relations with the international community, in accordance with the Region’s legislation and the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq. After defeating Bedr Khan, Bedr Khan's nephew was executed instead of becoming king as the Turks had promised. Kurdish language is today used more than at any other time since the Revolution, including in several newspapers and among schoolchildren. [125] During Iran–Iraq War, Tehran has provided support for Iraqi-based Kurdish groups like KDP or PUK, along with asylum for 1,400,000 Iraqi refugees, mostly Kurds. According to the CIA Factbook they account for 18 percent of the Turkish population. The flood happened so fast, so sudden. [97] The Treaty of Sèvres stipulated the creation of an autonomous Kurdish state in 1920, but the subsequent Treaty of Lausanne (1923) failed to mention Kurds. They were encouraged by Woodrow Wilson's support for non-Turkish nationalities of the empire and submitted their claim for independence to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. The hagiography of the founder of the Safavi order, Shaykh Safi al-Din Safvat al-Safa written by Ibn Bazzaz in 1350-was tampered with during this very phase. [125][141] Iranian national identity is questioned only in the peripheral Kurdish Sunni regions.[148]. From 1922 to 1924 in Iraq, a Kingdom of Kurdistan existed. One of these, Iskandar Bayg Munshi, describing just one episode, writes in the Alam-ara ye Abbasi that Shah Abbas, in furthering the scorched earth policy of his predecessors, set upon the country north of the Araxes and west of Urmia, and between Kars and Lake Van, which he commanded to be laid waste and the population of the countryside and the entire towns rounded up and led out of harm's way. During the years 1506–1510, Yazidis revolted against Ismail I (who may have had Kurdish ancestry himself). A study by Richards and colleagues of mitochondrial DNA in the Near East found that Kurds, Azerbaijanis, Ossetians and Armenians show a high incidence of mtDNA U5 lineages, which are common among Europeans, although rare elsewhere in the Near East. Paul (2008) writes about the problem of attaining a coherent definition of "Kurdish language" within the Northwestern Iranian dialect continuum. However, Kurdish groups show a closer relationship with European groups than with Caucasian groups based on mtDNA, but the opposite based on the Y chromosome, indicating some differences in their maternal and paternal histories. The number of speakers is clearly less than the 15 million or so persons who identify themselves as ethnic Kurds. Following these rebellions, the area of Turkish Kurdistan was put under martial law and many Kurds were displaced. Following the end of the Soviet Union, Kurds in Armenia were stripped of their cultural privileges and most fled to Russia or Western Europe. [146], Kurds have been well integrated in Iranian political life during the reign of various governments. [127], As a response to growing Pan-Turkism and Pan-Arabism in region which were seen as potential threats to the territorial integrity of Iran, Pan-Iranist ideology has been developed in the early 1920s. But the Kurds, owing to the remoteness of their country from the capital and the decline of Turkey, had greatly increased in influence and power, and had spread westwards over the country as far as Ankara. On The Kingdom of Kurdistan. Secretary of Defense: Zaky Sahibqran [82], In 1931, Iraqi Kurdish statesman Mihemed Emîn Zekî, while serving as the Minister of the Economy in the first Nuri as-Said government, drew the boundaries of Turkish Kurdistan as: "With mountains of Ararat and the Georgian border (including the region of Kars, where Kurds and Georgians live side by side) to the north, Iranian border to the east, Iraqi border to the south, and to the west, a line drawn from the west of Sivas to İskenderun. Most Kurds speak Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji) or Sorani, which both belong to the Kurdish languages. 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