research paper on emotional intelligence pdf

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This review examines the foundations of the definitions of emotional intelligence as well as existing educational research involving emotional intelligence, both within the health professions and externally. Elam C, Stratton TD, Andrykowski MA. The subjects were 232 ambulatory patients, of whom 24% were male and 76% female. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Schuette N, Malouff J, Hall L, Haggerty D, Cooper J, Golden C, Dornheim L. Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Kidd RS, Latif DA. Using the structured interview for a more reliable assessment of pharmacy student applicants. Additionally, greater levels of emotional intelligence can be expected to correlate with academic performance even when controlling for traditional markers of intelligence, such as GPA. Summary of Emotional Intelligence Research Trials. 105 0 obj <>stream While the concept of emotional intelligence has been discussed in the nursing literature, no formal trials have been published.25,28 Similarly, little is available in the pharmacy literature. The instrument was based on extensive reviews of the emotional intelligence literature and repeated focus groups involving the admissions committees of the medical schools involved in the project. Factor analysis of social and abstract intelligence. Students registering for 1 of the 5 sections of the course were blinded to the study goals. Alternatively, this perceived change in the profile of pharmacy students may be a result of an amalgam of causes, including cultural and/or societal changes that produce a different type of student.9,10 Today's students may be more concerned with the technical aspects of various professions and more emotionally immature compared to previous generations of learners.9,10 Regardless of the etiology of the changing profile of students, most colleges and schools are struggling to admit the most qualified applicants. However, prior to advocating research in this area, several issues must be addressed, including establishing a clear definition of emotional intelligence and assessing the validity and reliability of existing measurement instruments. The TMMS is designed to assess individual differences in abilities to recognize, discriminate, and regulate moods and emotions, while the DIRI is a measure of empathy. Elam et al sought to gather information related to emotional intelligence from entering medical students at the University of Kentucky (UK) College of Medicine.31 Two existing scales, the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS) and the Davis' Interpersonal Reactivity Index (DIRI), were used to measure emotional intelligence. Chisholm MA, Cobb HH, Kotzan JA. Use of emotional intelligence as one measure of medical school applicants noncognitive characteristics. Researchers concluded that dental students with greater degrees of emotional intelligence may be more adept at coping and dealing with academic and non-academic stressful situations, and that reducing perceived stress may improve academic performance as well as patient satisfaction. Mayer JD, Geher G. Emotional intelligence and the identification of emotion. The majority of studies have involved medical and dental students. Some researchers claim that emotional intelligence meets all 3 of the aforementioned criteria.16,17 Several measures of emotional intelligence have been developed and the various criteria used by different measures may converge.16 In fulfilling the second criterion, some emotional intelligence measures have been validated and appear to have associations with empathy, warmth, and emotional openness.18 Associations with outside criteria such as scholastic aptitude tests also appear to exist. In a sub-analysis of emotional intelligence scores categorized by medical school, those applicants who had matriculated from the institution considered to have the strongest requirements in terms of the arts and humanities had the highest overall emotional intelligence scores (mean overall emotional intelligence score of 186.5 versus 177.3 and 182.7). Paralleling these changes in the dynamics of the profession has been a growing consensus among faculty members that current pharmacy students often lack empathy and a commitment to pharmacy's professional standards.8-10 This phenomenon may be occurring for several reasons. Learn more Two hundred and thirteen respondents completed the survey instrument for a response rate of 70%. No single test is considered to be a gold standard for assessment. 89 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[]/Index[68 38]/Info 67 0 R/Length 98/Prev 215950/Root 69 0 R/Size 106/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Physicians were separated into 2 groups: those with 100% patient-reported relationship satisfaction (n = 11) and those with less than 100% satisfaction (n = 19). Cadman C, Brewer J. Faculty members shared and reflected upon their scores and students were encouraged to do the same. %%EOF Additional health science and non-health science research papers were then identified using references listed by primary authors of these studies. Internal consistency (as determined by Cronbach's alpha assessment) for the emotional intelligence scale and PSS-10 were 0.9 and 0.86, respectively. Final project grades were selected as the dependent measure since in the intervention group these grades would reflect only learning that occurred following the emotional intelligence instruction. FOIA Each participant completed the Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale (MEIS). tIZwH6n government site. National Library of Medicine Nia%Y>F :>|X%}8duL _Afue!F=>v$,.I6 B`L_XZ\}?>d"rFMcfq(hk!E^CIjy|?-mCf!L_S1IXL3RS4&"I(8FL1BdS:h)A#\s>w!|kdBk=L! A The authors concluded that based on this pilot study, the emotional intelligence instrument that was developed by the consortium demonstrated the ability to measure attributes that indicate desirable personal and interpersonal skills in medical school applicants. Nevertheless, several instruments are available and researchers should recognize the limitations of both self-report and performance-based measures and the specific instrument from either category that is selected for use. A demographic questionnaire was also completed by each subject. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 9 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S>> In assessing any form of intelligence, descriptive models must meet 3 standards.16 First, an intelligence should be capable of reflecting mental performance rather than preferred ways of behaving, a person's self-esteem, or non-intellectual attainments. Traditional measures have been used with relative reliability in predicting technical success for several years.1-5 Often the use of newer, less traditional measures is met with resistance and questions of reliability and other limitations. No studies involving emotional intelligence have been reported among cohorts of pharmacy students or pharmacists. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help <> 68 0 obj <> endobj The authors emphasize that modalities for improving emotional intelligence of dental students might also augment stress coping mechanisms. 3 0 obj Jaeger AJ. +Tv~S 9N3d7G6EeY_;q",q\ZGL=tt0vK1Br"Mu9.e|m 02:w%C60>1'fMx\N6zu/*'59zqMSC_uTh:|l7\gf64@=B^ m_vK>Ip2 \oHRXQ a\(xgv&}?? When correlating relationship satisfaction scores and Bar-On EQi scores, researchers found that only one EQi subscale (that of the physician's level of happiness) had a weak correlation with patients' higher satisfaction. Traditional markers of ability and success, such as grade point average (GPA) and standardized test scores, have varying degrees of predictive value.1-5 Some institutions employ additional methods to select candidates for admission including but not limited to writing samples, personality inventories, on-site individual interviews, and group interviews.3,6 Colleges and schools of pharmacy are increasingly scrutinizing their student admissions processes for several reasons. Several potential implications regarding emotional intelligence exist for all health professions including pharmacy. Measuring emotional intelligence of medical school applicants. Landy FJ. Various studies examining emotional intelligence in other health professions have been conducted. stream The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the endobj Levels of emotional intelligence at the end of the study period were associated with academic performance, with a greater correlation existing in the emotional intelligence curriculum group. Students with high emotional intelligence were more likely to adopt reflection and appraisal, social and intrapersonal, and organization and time-management skills. Subsequently, each participant received their EQi scores. In order to demonstrate validity, the Shipley Scale IQ was shown to significantly and positively correlate with participant SAT scores. Teaching effectiveness was also controlled for by using mean scores from teaching evaluations submitted by students at the conclusion of the semester. An evaluation of traditional and novel predictors of didactic and professional practice success of pharmacy students. (5_33MTT,= TJ1CSE(!. Lastly, the authors compared emotional intelligence scores by applicant gender. Additionally, the generalizability of the study is limited by the degree of reliability of the MEIS and the homogeneity of the study sample. Additionally, performance-based tests are hindered by the objectivity in selecting what are considered correct responses to the problem sets posed to the test subjects. nWfYQh?1:kU +kurkn>z~#P$i k*5~:9!F]#BQ@Pv6!&#'5]n+@z9#a|ne {j"^oWzhv{]/C6WB.7xM90Whim/+>4lw+A(`60z#s";}RI/U6zg e+b. A more natural relationship which predicts success might exist within the health professions, where if accepted as a construct, emotional intelligence may prove to be critical for the development of productive therapeutic pharmacist-patient relationships. Cronbach alpha assessment demonstrated internal consistency similar to previously published results. Many corporations have examined and to some extent used emotional intelligence as a measure of these intangible characteristics, which some speculate are better predictors of educational and occupational performance.12,13 Many proponents claim that emotional intelligence may be a distinguishing characteristic of great leaders.12 Recognizing that aspects of emotional intelligence are central to the provision of care, several health professions have experimented with strategies aimed at measuring and/or modifying emotional intelligence. % Potential researchers in this area should have a critical understanding of the underpinnings of the emotional intelligence debate. Job competencies and the curriculum: An inquiry into emotional intelligence in graduate professional education. lb2;&ba Patients were recruited at the conclusion of an office visit to complete an 11-item patient satisfaction survey. The new PMC design is here! No background information regarding the study participants was reported. The study authors concluded that future research was needed to establish whether modalities aimed at enhancing emotional intelligence in dental students would result in better stress coping skills. A specific example from pharmacy practice might involve recognition that adherence to treatment regimens can be improved not only with attention to a patient's technical needs but also to emotional requirements in fulfilling their therapeutic covenant. 0 The Shipley Institute of Living IQ Scale was used to determine general intelligence. Transitions part 1: beyond pharmaceutical care. An official website of the United States government. 2 0 obj Is emotional intelligence an advantage? The capacity to develop this kind of a relationship (ie, patient-pharmacist) may be facilitated by one's emotional intelligence.25,28-29 If this theory holds true and with various managed care and other environmental constraints being placed upon practitioners from all health fields, it may become critical for students in the health professions to have emotional intelligence to provide high-quality patient care. )kaQpU;jjt#]X ZeDR-{^8@`X9=E .0O,re).KjoP#W&D1NGPc1LgP&$}m`^rK g2syM|4 h0p0g6 --R8 D 1RNKl cR%hyqk'I#IGB}Fh#".GV:[JkW:)G.&4M\k$8/~nD"{.);_CS54b+l^K"fkT_$ Wagner PJ, Moseley GC, Grant MM, Gore JR, Owens C. Physicians' emotional intelligence and patient satisfaction. The concept of emotional intelligence has been extensively popularized in the lay press and corporate world as individuals purport the potential ability of emotional intelligence to predict various markers of success. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Some believe that recent proliferations in technological advances have resulted in an overemphasis on clinical competence and a disproportionate emphasis on service and caring within the health professions. Griffenhagen GB, Brushwood D, Parascandola J, Schondelmeyer S. Trends and events in American pharmacy, 1852-2002. The concept has been criticized by some for its loose definition and parallels to personality traits. The goals of this process were to allow students to gain a self-awareness of their emotional intelligence strengths and weaknesses and to improve their patient-physician interactions and to provide a more formalized approach to improving patient-physician interactions. No formal statistical or outcome data were collected by the investigator in this pilot study. %PDF-1.5 Lastly, intelligence should vary with experience and age. Some researchers have examined correlates to the admissions process while others have attempted interventional trials aimed at improving emotional intelligence scores. The happiness subscale most closely correlated with physician mood. IZ*Eq-fD. This may certainly be true of pharmacy, in which in the last century modernization of medication production processes and dispensing systems has resulted in a reduced need for individualized compounding and pharmacist-patient interactions.7,26 Only recently has the profession begun to renew its commitment to patient-centered practice.27. endstream endobj 69 0 obj <> endobj 70 0 obj <> endobj 71 0 obj <>stream Most instruments designed to measure emotional intelligence are either self-report scales or performance-based evaluations involving the completion of observed problem sets.19,22 Performance-based assessments may provide better reliability since they assess demonstrated ability-based skills rather than self-reports; however, they are generally more costly and time consuming to perform. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal New forms of intelligence should also meet prescribed correlational criteria. heDseF[KI"PtNFKMJKg(z9(}3=\@b{|;q i!78@h _p@N`homG6lJi&Abd%4k3R3/~mEX gA[Z:zx8yA4.w'_'=ym|ra_Y(V=O C`{?PKf-j|?O:j\kn2pKI-LAc# ;7k2k1Jwl?/SX/vmOwk^oC@Qr@Y9OH]T@p0Q/L)pBB&Y b6P_wDI'B ZJHK%:_Od[F *6q'}H"sasxY3o9NKMpzp3"W0ppyP%"mD-'=_er{$ee*"lV~]5;Cw_P p_GyD3iDj&F[4o(m'>OzYv:uf\+#e@@%~ 3JAl The .gov means its official. Furthermore, scores for each dimension of the instrument were higher among women with less variance. The results of this secondary analysis have not yet been published. Freshwater D, Stickley T. The heart of the art: emotional intelligence in nurse education. hXn6[HXp864nMt]Yr$9, m_@x33T`0&3Lb9gmt=|1n:>|=? Health professions have been described as an amalgam of clinical competence and a service-orientation towards caring.25 Aptitudes for a service and caring orientation may be reflected by one's emotional intelligence. Thomas MC, Draugalis JR. Utility of pharmacy college admissions test (PCAT): implications for admissions committees. A Medline search was conducted to identify literature in this area as it pertains to the health sciences.

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