Am J Cardiol 99: 530-534. 2Department of Mathematics, Natural and Economic Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Ulm, Germany. View abstract. 4-15-1995;78(2):151-160. Ann Intern Med 145: 333-341. 2012 Oct;20(5):263-6. View abstract. View abstract. Select a condition to view a list of vitamins. J Epidemiol Community Health 2000;54:756-60. However, studies have mainly been performed with virgin olive oils naturally rich in phenols or with olive oils enriched with phenolic extracts [23], whereby the resulting lack of consistency is possibly due to variability in the doses, formulations and study designs. Secondary Direct Food Additives Permitted in Food for Human Consumption. The natural extract contained hardly any other phenolic compounds like oleuropein or tyrosol. 2004;12(1):45-47. This study investigated the lipid-lowering effect of hydroxytyrosol from different sources (a pure, synthetic product and an olive extract) in comparison to placebo in a healthy normolipidemic population. Int J Mol Sci 11: 458-479. How to Lower Your Chances of Getting Crohns Flares, Ulcerative Colitis: Problem Foods to Avoid. View abstract. Togna GI, Togna AR, Franconi M, et al. Adults. Olive oil consumption and 10-year (2002-2012) cardiovascular disease incidence: the ATTICA study. Dietary factors in relation to rheumatoid arthritis: a role for olive oil and cooked vegetables? Hydroxytyrosol from two different sources and a placebo were used as study products during the course of the study. Table 1: Baseline characteristics of subjects. Mata P, Alvarez-Sala LA, Rubio MJ, et al. None of these AEs were related to the study products. Covas MI, de la TK, Farre-Albaladejo M, Kaikkonen J, Fito M, et al. 2016 Nov;10(6):809-10. Ferrara LA, Raimondi AS, d'Episcopo L, et al. Glucuronidase treatment was performed for 90 min at 37 . Beauchamp GK, Keast RS, Morel D, et al. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 73: 318-326. Because homovanillic acid is a major catecholamine metabolite, detectable amounts of homovanillic acid were measured in baseline urine samples and during placebo intervention. Data are summarized in (Table 2). Int J Cardiol 2005;100:461-6. Rezaei S, Akhlaghi M, Sasani MR, Barati Boldaji R. Olive oil lessened fatty liver severity independent of cardiometabolic correction in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized clinical trial. 2011 Jul 30;10:127. Overall the tolerability of the study products was very good. Temple NJ, Guercio V, Tavani A. Effects of long-term intake of edible oils on hypertension and myocardial and aortic remodelling in spontaneously hypertensive rats. (2010) Olive oil and health: summary of the II international conference on olive oil and health consensus report, Jaen and Cordoba (Spain) 2008. BMJ 326: 1423. The chosen sample size of 30 subjects evaluated in the cross-over design, which was determined on the basis of oxLDL reduction, was also sufficient for detecting lipid-lowering effects. Keys A, Menotti A, Karvonen MJ , et al. Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts. Letter Responding to Health Claim Petition dated August 28, 2003: Monounsaturated Fatty Acids from Olive Oil and Coronary Heart Disease. Barzi F, Woodward M, Marfisi RM, Tavazzi L, Valagussa F, et al. Ghobadi S, Hassanzadeh-Rostami Z, Mohammadian F, et al. The current study evaluates the effects of hydroxytyrosol from different sources (a pure, synthetic preparation or an olive extract) on oxLDL (oxidized LDL) (primary endpoint) and on lipid status (total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides) (secondary endpoints) in comparison to placebo. Clin Respir J. Cardiol Rev. By contrast, after intake of hydroxytyrosol-containing preparations, hydroxytyrosol could be detected in most urine samples, and highly significant amounts were excreted for both preparations in comparison to placebo (p < 0.0001). The total volume of excreted urine over approximately 8 hours was determined, and an aliquot of urine stored at -80 until analysis. D'Addato S, Scandiani L, Mombelli G, Focanti F, Pelacchi F, et al. View Table 1. Trichopoulou A, Katsouyanni K, Stuver S, et al. View abstract. J Am Coll Cardiol. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, also a cardiovascular risk factor, could be reduced through the intake of the phenolic-rich olive leaf extract [14]. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/04/nov04/110404/03q-0559-ans0001-01-vol9.pdf. Sensitization to olive oil (olea europeae). Nutrients. 2013 Nov;57(11):2079-85. Nevertheless, some subjects were not compliant with these standardization efforts. View abstract. Drug Des Devel Ther 11: 1585-1592. Linos A, Kaklamani VG, Kaklamani E, et al. The lipid-modifying effects of hydroxytyrosol have also been reported in the literature. (2015) One-week administration of hydroxytyrosol to humans does not activate Phase II enzymes. (2001) Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of hydroxytyrosol, a natural antioxidant from olive oil. Fki I, Sahnoun Z, Sayadi S (2007) Hypocholesterolemic effects of phenolic extracts and purified hydroxytyrosol recovered from olive mill wastewater in rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;55:846-50. Eur J Nutr 43: 140-147. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87:110-6. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:312-5. The health benefits of the phenolic compounds in olive oil and olives have been well documented in recent decades [22]. Available at: sovrana.com/ioocdef.htm (Accessed 23 June 2004). Complement Ther.Med. Paris: Lavoisier Publishing, 1995. What Is Heartburn, and How Long Does It Last? Lee-Huang, S., Zhang, L., Huang, P. L., Chang, Y. T., and Huang, P. L. Anti-HIV activity of olive leaf extract (OLE) and modulation of host cell gene expression by HIV-1 infection and OLE treatment. The dosage used was standardized to 30 mg/day hydroxytyrosol, which was administered over an intervention period of four weeks each, with a two-week wash-out phase in between. The health benefits of the phenolic compounds in olive oil/olives have been well documented in recent decades. Nutr Diabetes. Al Waili, N. S. Topical application of natural honey, beeswax and olive oil mixture for atopic dermatitis or psoriasis: partially controlled, single-blinded study. Colica C, Di Renzo L, Trombetta D, Smeriglio A, Bernardini S, et al. O'Brien, N. M., Carpenter, R., O'Callaghan, Y. C., O'Grady, M. N., and Kerry, J. P. Modulatory effects of resveratrol, citroflavan-3-ol, and plant-derived extracts on oxidative stress in U937 cells. Olive leaf extract could influence cardiovascular risk via its potential to induce anti-atherosclerotic, hypotensive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypocholesterolemic effects [13]. Lopez-Miranda J, Perez-Jimenez F, Ros E, De Caterina R, Badimon L, et al. EFSA Journal 9: 2033. Subjects were randomly assigned to the intervention phases. View abstract. Olive extract supplement decreases pain and improves daily activities in adults with osteoarthritis and decreases plasma homocysteine in those with rheumatoid arthritis. View abstract. Olive (Olea europaea) is a tree with edible fruit, leaves, and seeds. Lipid-lowering therapies are prescribed to reduce this risk factor [2]. Accepted: June 07, 2018 | Published: June 09, 2018, Citation: Siefer S, Wacker R, Wilhelm M, Schoen C (2018) Absorption of Hydroxytyrosol from Different Sources and its Impact on Lipid Status in Human Subjects. Safe use of ozone when used as a gas or dissolved in water as an antimicrobial agent on food, including meat and poultry. Pharmacol Res 61: 364-370. Isaksson M, Bruze M. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from olive oil in a masseur. Schwartz SR, Magit AE, Rosenfeld RM, et al. The literature has shown a lower incidence of cardiovascular diseases in individuals consuming a Mediterranean diet [7,8]. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Effects of dietary extra virgin olive oil on serum lipid resistance to oxidation and fatty acid composition in elderly lipidemic patients. Takeda R, Koike T, Taniguchi I, Tanaka K. Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of hydroxytyrosol of Olea europaea on pain in gonarthrosis. View abstract. View abstract. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. The primary target of statins is a 15% LDL reduction [30] in patients with increased LDL cholesterol levels. (2017) Effect of a food supplement containing berberine, monacolin K, hydroxytyrosol and coenzyme Q10 on lipid levels: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. View abstract. For standardization, subjects consumed standardized meals (lunch and dinner) on the days prior to the visits and were asked not to consume olives or foods containing olives for the duration of the study. Anyhow, Priore, et al. Furthermore, the leaves of the olive plant contain phenolic compounds at a much higher concentration than the olive fruit and oil [10-12]. 2020;12(5):1413. Our study supports the beneficial effects of pure hydroxytyrosol from a synthetic source on LDL cholesterol. 2018;57(7):2445-2455. All rights reserved. The four-week oral supplementation phases were separated by two-week wash-out phases. Tsolaki M, Lazarou E, Kozori M, et al. Focus of this study was the evaluation of a synthetic hydroxytyrosol formulation in comparison to placebo. Du ZS, Li XY, Luo HS, et al. 2020;322:126676. Mediterranean-style diet for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. View abstract. The tolerability of the study preparations was overall very good. Rosamond W, Flegal K, Furie K, Go A, Greenlund K, et al. Kouli GM, Panagiotakos DB, Kyrou I, et al. Olive oil intake is inversely related to cancer prevalence: a systematic review and a meta-analysis of 13,800 patients and 23,340 controls in 19 observational studies. 2011 Aug;17(3):167-9. View abstract. Possible toxicity of olive leaf extract in a dietary supplement. The nutrition study was performed from July 2016 to December 2016 at BioTeSys GmbH, Esslingen, Germany, an independent study site with a focus on nutritional research. Markin, D., Duek, L., and Berdicevsky, I. As key enzymes, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity (HMG CR) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) were involved in inhibition. LDL cholesterol-lowering effects have also been confirmed in human studies [32], both with extra virgin olive oil consumption and with olive leaf extract [33,34]. Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Muriana FJ, Guerrero A, et al. The uptake of both hydroxytyrosol containing products was only confirmed indirectly in urine by evaluating cumulative excreted amounts within 8 hours. Stoneham M, Goldacre M, Seagroatt V, Gill L. Olive oil, diet and colorectal cancer: an ecological study and a hypothesis. LDL cholesterol levels were significantly reduced between the beginning and end of intervention with the pure hydroxytyrosol (delta LDL cholesterol: -9.4 mg/dL 10.9 mg/dL, p = 0.0004), whereas no LDL-lowering effects were seen after the intervention with the olive extract or placebo (olive extract: delta LDL cholesterol: +2.1 mg/dL 15.2 mg/dL; placebo: delta LDL cholesterol: +4.1 mg/dL 15.4 mg/dL). Pharmacol Res 96: 132-137. The early and direct down-regulatory effect of hydroxytyrosol on fatty acids and cholesterol synthesis was also confirmed in glioma cells [41]. Redox Biol 11: 384-389. Serum cholesterol, especially elevated serum LDL cholesterol, is a known risk factor for diseases caused by atherosclerosis (e.g., coronary heart disease or cerebrovascular disease) [2]. Pre-post differences (compared to baseline) after four weeks of supplementation were used for the analysis. Absorption from those sources is prerequisite for its effects. (2011) Olive (Olea europaea) leaf extract effective in patients with stage-1 hypertension: comparison with Captopril. Effect of Olive Oil in Preventing the Development of Pressure Ulcer Grade One in Intensive Care Unit Patients. Susalit E, Agus N, Effendi I, Tjandrawinata RR, Nofiarny D, et al. 2001;11(4 Suppl):51-56. Bisignano G, Tomaino A, Lo Cascio R, et al. View abstract. Taavoni S, Soltanipour F, Haghani H, Ansarian H, Kheirkhah M. Effects of olive oil on striae gravidarum in the second trimester of pregnancy. No effects on total cholesterol, triglycerides or HDL cholesterol were seen. Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR (2003) Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. (2000) Phenolic compounds and squalene in olive oils: the concentration and antioxidant potential of total phenols, simple phenols, secoiridoids, lignansand squalene. Furthermore, the biological activity of the (poly)phenol components contained within the water-soluble fraction of extra virgin olive oil is more pronounced than in refined olive oil [14,15]. Olive oil isochromans inhibit human platelet reactivity. Thromb.Res. This might also be one explanation for slightly differing baseline values and why slightly elevated LDL cholesterol levels were seen even after the placebo intervention. 2020;23(3):173-178. BioTeSys GmbH conducted the study as an independent contract research organization. View abstract. In brief, an aliquot of urine was diluted 1:1 with 0.05 M ammonium acetate buffer (pH 5). Oliveras-Lopez MJ, Molina JJ, Mir MV, Rey EF, Martin F, et al. 2019;59(13):2110-2124. de Bock M, Thorstensen EB, Derraik JG, Henderson HV, Hofman PL, Cutfield WS. Here we report a study on the absorption and the effects of a pure, synthetic form of hydroxytyrosol compared to an olive extract and a placebo. Wacker Chemie AG had no part in the running or the data analysis of the study. JAMA 1990;263:688-92. Taking olive along with medications that lower blood pressure might cause blood pressure to go too low. View abstract. After drying under nitrogen, samples were reconstituted in 5% methanol and filtered through spin cups prior to LC-MS/MS injection. View abstract. (2004) Olive oils high in phenolic compounds modulate oxidative/antioxidative status in men. Overall, headache and common cold followed by musculoskeletal problems such as back pain were the most commonly reported AEs. After intake of hydroxytyrosol-containing study products, the homovanillic acid concentration increased 16.9-fold for the synthetic extract and 10.7-fold for the olive extract in comparison to baseline measurements. S. Siefer, R. Wacker and C. Schoen are employees of BioTeSys GmbH. View abstract. J Nutr 133: 2612-2615. Cancer Causes Control 2002;13(5):465-470. People who cook using olive oil seem to have a lower risk of heart disease and lower risk of first, Diabetes. View abstract. View abstract. Complement Ther Clin Pract. Perrinjaquet-Moccetti T, Busjahn A, Schmidlin C, Schmidt A, Bradl B, et al. OTHER NAME(S): Acide Gras Insatur, Acide Gras Mono-Insatur, Aci. Intervention periods of four weeks were separated by wash-out phases of two weeks. Olive oil, other dietary fats, and the risk of breast cancer (Italy). Liccardi G, D'Amato M, D'Amato G. Oleaceae pollinosis: a review. Vilaplana-Perez C, Aunon D, Garcia-Flores LA, Gil-Izquierdo A (2014) Hydroxytyrosol and potential uses in cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and AIDS. This may have limited the ability to detect possible effects on triglycerides the normotriglyceridemic population. pii: E358. View Figure 3. Martin-Moreno JM, Willett WC, Gorgojo L, et al. All Rights Reserved. Rosato V, Temple NJ, La Vecchia C, Castellan G, Tavani A, et al. Tosti V, Bertozzi B, Fontana L (2018) Health Bedefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Metabolic and Molecular Mechanisms. View abstract. View Figure 1. (2008) Heart disease and stroke statistics--2008 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Cholesterol is an important lipid for the body, both as a constituent of cell membranes and as a precursor of several hormones, bile acids and vitamin D [1]. View abstract. As such, detectable amounts of homovanillic acid were measured in baseline urine samples. Hydroxytyrosol was purified from an olive mill waste water extract using food grade solvents, preparative chromatography and further desiccation resulting in a purity of 99.5%. Olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in middle-aged overweight men: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. The olive extract used was a polyphenol formulation made from olive fruit concentrate spray-dried on maltodextrin with a minimum of 15% hydroxytyrosol content for use in dietary supplements. Additionally, a natural hydroxytyrosol extract was integrated in the study design. Investigations of different olive preparations with different formulations and phenolic content can be found in the literature [13,15,23-29]. 2004 Nov 1; Docket No 2003Q-0559. Lockyer S, Rowland I, Spencer JPE, Yaqoob P, Stonehouse W (2017) Impact of phenolic-rich olive leaf extract on blood pressure, plasma lipids and inflammatory markers: a randomised controlled trial. Complement Ther Med. N Engl J Med. A Randomized Clinical Trial of Greek High Phenolic Early Harvest Extra Virgin Olive Oil in Mild Cognitive Impairment: The MICOIL Pilot Study. View abstract. On the in-vitro antimicrobial activity of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol. D'Angelo S, Manna C, Migliardi V, Mazzoni O, Morrica P, et al. Information from this source is evidence-based and objective, and without commercial influence. 2012 Jul;96(1):142-9. Product specific investigations are needed because of different composition and formulations which might impact the health benefit. Metabolites. Hydroxytyrosol, a polyphenol especially known from olive oil, is available on the market from different sources. Maltodextrin with no active substances was used as the placebo. J Med Food 2006;9(2):187-195. Whether these health benefits are also exerted by individual phenolic compounds is a subject of debate. Galvo Cndido F, Xavier Valente F, da Silva LE, et al. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1996;111:210-7. (2011) Effects of hydroxytyrosol-enriched sunflower oil consumption on CVD risk factors. Consumption of extra virgin olive oil improves body composition and blood pressure in women with excess body fat: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Olive oil intake and mortality within the Spanish population (EPIC-Spain). View abstract. Nutrients. View abstract. (2013) Human absorption and metabolism of oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol ingested as olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf extract. In any case, pure hydroxytyrosol did have a physiologically relevant effect on LDL cholesterol. What Is Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency? When corrected for urine volume, the amounts of hydroxytyrosol and homovanillic acid excreted confirm the significant uptake of hydroxytyrosol from study products in comparison to placebo (p < 0.0001), but show no difference between hydroxytyrosol-containing products (excreted hydroxytyrosol: p = 0.6487; homovanillic acid: p = 0.6419). The study indicated a reduction in LDL cholesterol for the synthetic extract in comparison to placebo. Oleuropein is responsible for the bitter taste of olives and decreases as the fruit ripens. View abstract. All substances were provided in capsules. Diabetes Care 2000;23:1472-7. Silva S, Gomes L, Leitao F, Coelho AV, Vilas Boas L (2006) Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Olea europaea L. Fruits and Leaves. J Pharm Belg 1996;51:69-71. November 2018. Dietary oils, serum lipoproteins, and coronary heart disease. The baseline values were used as covariates. J Hypertens 2004;22:921-9. ", Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, Multi-Country Hepatitis Outbreak in Children, Needle-Free Epinephrine Options Are On The Horizon, Longer Vaccine Interval May Boost Antibodies 9 Times, How Walmart Is Rethinking Health (Medscape video), Dr. Whyte's Book: Take Control of Your Diabetes Risk, Health News and Information, Delivered to Your Inbox. Nutr.Metab Cardiovasc.Dis. A gradient elution using two solvents (10 mM ammonium formate at pH 5 and acetonitrile) was employed for the separation of hydroxytyrosol and homovanillic acid using an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 1.7 m, 2.1 50 mm column. Overall, current evidence of the lipid-modifying effects of olive polyphenols is somewhat controversial, with some studies demonstrating positive lipid-modifying effects such as an increase in HDL cholesterol [15,25,26] while others have failed to show any effects on lipid status [35,37-39]. The phenols hydroxytyrosol and homovanillic acid were chosen as markers in urine. 2020;78(2):801-817. View abstract. Both formulations were provided in the form of a highly water-soluble powder, where the pure hydroxytyrosol was of synthetic origin and the olive extract was of natural origin. In terms of LDL reduction, the intervention with pure hydroxytyrosol showed a benefit that was significant in comparison to placebo (p = 0.0249), as well as a trend towards the olive extract (p = 0.0556). Federal Register 66 https://www.fda.gov/OHRMS/Dockets/98fr/062601a.htm (Accessed 26 June 2001). In a study of Colica, et al. Int J Cancer 1994;58:774-80. No differences in baseline levels were seen for the three intervention periods. It has been suggested that these effects are partly attributable to the olive oil component of the diet [9]. No differences in the amounts of homovanillic acid excreted were detected between the pure hydroxytyrosol and the olive extract (p = 0.6419). Authors declare no conflict interest. Clin Chem 49: 945-952. de Bock M, Thorstensen EB, Derraik JG, Henderson HV, Hofman PL, et al. Olive oil intake associated with increased attention scores in women living with HIV: Findings from the Chicago Women's Interagency HIV study. Linos, A., Kaklamanis, E., Kontomerkos, A., Koumantaki, Y., Gazi, S., Vaiopoulos, G., Tsokos, G. C., and Kaklamanis, P. The effect of olive oil and fish consumption on rheumatoid arthritis--a case control study. Accessed January 25, 2019. 2019;11(8). Effects of hypocaloric dietary treatment enriched in oleic acid on LDL and HDL subclass distribution in mildly obese women. Olive oil is classified according to free oleic acid content. Triglycerides are more prone to high variability, which was also observed in the investigated study population, despite standardizing external factors to a considerable degree, including standardized meals prior to blood sampling. This leads to the formation of sulfate and glucuronide conjugates, as well as metabolites such as homovanillic acid [17-20]. View abstract. Bove A, Bellini M, Battaglia E, et al. Warrior L, Weber KM, Daubert E, et al. [A clinical trial of a titrated Olea extract in the treatment of essential arterial hypertension]. Of the subjects undergoing intervention with the olive extract, 13 reported 20 AEs (adverse events). Figure 2: Distribution of delta LDL cholesterol as post-pre difference after intervention with study products (mean 95% CI; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001); (pure HT (hydroxytyrosol): n = 27, olive extract: n = 29, placebo: n = 29). Ann Thorac Surg. Twenty-nine (29) subjects finished the study in its entirety. CFSAN/Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling and Dietary Supplements. A cross-over design controls for inter-individual differences and has also been used in other studies investigating the effects on lipid patterns [42]. Blood was collected in S-Monovette serum tubes from Sarstedt (7.5 mL Z-Gel for serum), the serum was separated by centrifugation at 3000 g for 10 min. 2020 Jan 20;13:59-65. The lipid status was determined at an accredited routine lab (Synlab laboratories in Leinfelden) using the ADVIA2400 clinical chemistry analysis system from Siemens. (2003) Hydroxytyrosol disposition in humans. Aziz NH, Farag SE, Mousa LA, et al. Baseline characteristics for the 29 subjects finishing the study are depicted in (Table 1). Nagyova, A., Haban, P., Klvanova, J., and Kadrabova, J. However, a significant LDL (low-density lipoprotein)-cholesterol reduction was seen after intervention with the pure, synthetic hydroxytyrosol in comparison to placebo (p = 0.0003). Heart disease. 2019;58(1):131-138. At present, application of statins is the primary and secondary prevention for treating cardiovascular diseases [3]. Total cholesterol was very stable during the study. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2017: 9076052. To further evaluate the LDL cholesterol findings, outliers for the delta levels were detected by calculating the interquartile range and applying a factor of 1.5. Pure hydroxytyrosol has been shown to reduce blood triglycerides, and total and LDL cholesterol, and to increase HDL cholesterol in a diet-induced model of atherosclerosis performed in hypercholesterolemic rabbits [29]. The study was conducted as a mono-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-way cross-over design with 30 healthy subjects. 2012 Aug;17(4):305-11. Another potential approach to decreasing the risk of cardiovascular disease is the Mediterranean diet [5,6]. View abstract. (2013) Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) consumption and antioxidant status in healthy institutionalized elderly humans. The extent of LDL lowering was remarkable, averaging 8% even in the normolipidemic population.
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