For example, AUDI aims to make all the activities carbon neutral by 2050, from the supply chain until production. Does the firm have formal and ongoing processes to collect information from stakeholders? Organization & Environment, 29(1), 1135. Management decision. Does the firm have a recycling program for the materials used? Moreover, the study provides an essential feature of the sustainable innovation process, which is helpful for practitioners: they can initially analyze the identified elements in a sequence and then follow an iterative process that assumes continuous questioning of the business model until it achieves complete coherence between all parties. The present study provides a new knowledge on the SBMI process design by introducing a new framework. Is the firm adopting remote working practices? Then, we must analyze nonacademic sources. Consequently, the research questions based on this study are how to understand how the value proposition, value creation, and value capture within business model are changed to include economic, environmental, and social issues? Firms increasingly need to innovate by modifying their business model by initiating changes, improvements and replacements in various organizational elements (Mitchell & Coles, 2003). Snihur, Y., & Wiklund, J. About nonacademic sources, we have considered the following principles: The four areas of the B Impact Assessment (BIA) method promoted by Blab, a nonprofit organization: governance, community, environment and workers. Integrating sustainable practices into the capital flow from an economic perspective is essential, and it is from sustainable initiatives that the economic costs derive and consequently the financial investment. Journal of Management, 43(1), 200227. Business model renewal and ambidexterity: structural alteration and strategy formation process during transition to a Cloud business model. Journal of Management and Governance, 25, 133. In particular, SBMI is a change in how a firm operates to reduce adverse external effects and create new positive external effects for the environment and society (Presenza etal., 2019). (2019). By voluntarily joining and meeting a certain level in socially responsible standards, a firm becomes a BCorp. Mitchell, D., & Coles, C. (2003). Long Range Planning, 43(2-3), 172194. We considered the value mapping tool Bocken etal. Fifteen years of research on business model innovation: How far have we come, and where should we go? Based on the process discussed above, we proposed a multidimensional vision of sustainable BMI, which a specific framework, i.e Figure1 has illustrated. To exemplify this qualitative measurement, we mention the permanence of waste from production flows, the nonexploited co-production and the sub-utilized resources about overworking capacity or insufficient use of skills and knowledge. Organization & Environment, 29(1), 310. R&D Management, 44(3), 322340. (2012). The scenario forces large corporations to follow the strict business model transformation processes and monitor them with indicators for implementing sustainability. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 7(3), 263288. So let us add the BMC of Alexander Osterwalder that clearly shows all the components and their interrelationships. Sustainability in the automotive industry, importance of and impact on automobile interiorinsights from an empirical survey. (2017). Visit emeraldpublishing.com/platformupdate to discover the latest news and updates, Answers to the most commonly asked questions here, 2022, Rosaria Ferlito and Rosario Faraci. Lozano, 2018) and BMI for sustainability (i.e. For addressing these gaps, this paper aims to simplify the study of the change of a business model that becomes sustainable. In particular, the questions addressed by this study are follows: how to understand the way value proposition, value creation, and value capture within a business model change to include economic, environmental, and social issues. Nevertheless, the dynamic vision on how the business model changes to incorporate triple sustainability has received insufficient attention. Conceptualizing a sustainability business model. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 174, 121210. Reporting of sustainable progress requires defining specific metrics (Depken & Zeman, 2018). Boons, F., & Ldeke-Freund, F. (2013). Disruptive innovation: In need of better theory. For example, we can cite the community representing Esselunga, a stakeholder group that influences sustainable practices. Business models for sustainability: Origins, present research, and future avenues. Sustainable entrepreneurship, innovation, and business models: Integrative framework and propositions for future research. Does the firm have quality certifications? At the end of the design process, we identified three macro-areas, namely value proposition, value creation and delivery and value capture, and several elements to describe each of them. Der Betr, 17, 897e902. Evans, S., Vladimirova, D., Holgado, M., Van Fossen, K., Yang, M., Silva, E. A., & Barlow, C. Y. Then the framework requires an in-depth study of the leading resources, the key activities and the partnerships. Sustainability-oriented business model development: Principles, criteria and tools. A value mapping tool for sustainable business modelling. Moreover, the new framework differs from recent academic efforts (Breuer etal., 2018), above all, by the theoretical approach at its foundation. We carefully read papers with case studies. Business model innovation in cultural and creative industries: Insights from three leading mobile gaming firms. Small business challenges and the triple bottom line, TBL: Needs assessment in a Midwest State, USA. Business model dynamics and innovation:(re) establishing the missing linkages. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. Customers are interested in corporate sustainability. According to Osterwalder et al. We have made up each dimension by different elements deriving from the literature. Another unique aspect that can be derived from the approach adopted is that it links theoretical with practical sources. To analyze every aspect of the business model according to a comprehensive approach. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 16(1), 1. The most famous is the classification provided by Geissdoerfer etal. Subject-matter experts consider the SBMI a complex process that changes the core elements of the firms logic to create new value for all their stakeholders. Highlights from the tourism and hospitality industry, The business model: An integrative framework for strategy execution, Journeying toward business models for sustainability: A conceptual model found inside the black box of organisational transformation, Toward a theory of business model innovation within incumbent firms, Business models for sustainability: Origins, present research, and future avenues, Systemic thinking in environmental management: Support for sustainable development, Searching for innovation: Product, process, and business model innovations and search behavior in established firms, Conceptualizing a sustainability business model, Business models, business strategy and innovation, Report SDG ambition scaling business impact for the decade of action, Sustainability in the automotive industry, importance of and impact on automobile interiorinsights from an empirical survey, International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility, Building social business models: Lessons from the Grameen experience, https://doi.org/10.1108/INMR-07-2021-0125, http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode, Lemus-Aguilar, Morales-Alonso, Ramirez-Portilla, & Hidalgo, 2019, Presenza, Messeni Petruzzelli, & Natalicchio, 2019, Santos, Spector and Van der Heyden (2009), Yunus, Moingeon and Lehmann-Ortega (2010), Cillo, Messeni Petruzzelli, Ardito, & Del Giudice, 2019, Baldassarre, Calabretta, Bocken, & Jaskiewicz, 2017, Schaltegger, Hansen, & Ldeke-Freund, 2016, Wellbrock, Ludin, Rhrle, & Gerstlberger, 2020, Breuer, Fichter, Ldeke-Freund, & Tiemann, 2018, https://www.unglobalcompact.org/library/5732, By business model innovation, we mean business model replacements that provide product or service offerings to customers and end users that were not previously available. Journal of Business Strategy, 24(5), 1521. For obvious reasons, we have not considered this last criterion for the most recently published papers (papers published from 2018 to 2021). In recent years, a new form of business model innovation (BMI) has occurred by incorporating the sustainability concept into the firms goals and processes. What pathways can an organization take?. Bruneel, J., Moray, N., Stevens, R., & Fassin, Y. (2005), Labb and Mazet (2005), Santos, Spector and Van der Heyden (2009), Amit and Zott (2020) and Yunus, Moingeon and Lehmann-Ortega (2010), BMI is a reconfiguration of the business models elements, of the firms activities or of the value proposition. Mazza, T., & Furlotti, K. (2019). Landoni, P., Dellera, C., Frattini, F., Petruzzelli, A. M., Verganti, R., & Manelli, L. (2020). Richardson's classification does not list the business models possible elements, and he only focuses on the value concept and considers the latter only in economic terms. It must express economic, environmental and social outcomes. For example, we can mention the listed companies that use the GRI Indicators to disclose their sustainable results in most cases. Following these principles, we have intersected the theoretical concepts (academic sources) with practical tools to identify the framework's critical elements. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Business model innovation strategy: Transformational concepts and tools for entrepreneurial leaders. Long Range Planning, 52(3), 305325. Such a framework is also helpful for practitioners to plan actions at different firms' departments and implement business model transformation. CasadesusMasanell, R., & Zhu, F. (2013). (2016). Business model innovation in video-game consoles to face the threats of mobile gaming: Evidence from the case of Sony PlayStation. The business model represents the subject of innovation, not its vehicle. The last area of our framework focuses mainly on the firms results and their measurement. We discuss below the three macro-areas identified. Indeed, the start-up does not transform an existing business model but creates new ones without a history to respect or a tradition to maintain. What percentage of energy consumption comes from renewable sources? Most studies on BMI frame it as a process based on these taxonomies. Considering this scenario, we introduce, in the next section, a new helpful framework as a guideline for scholars and academics to theorize the correct business innovation process toward sustainability. Markides, C. (2006). Is the mission of the company that includes aspects related to sustainability written in a document, publicly discussed or formally shared with the firms employees? Towards systematic business model innovation: lessons from product innovation management. In contrast, the business model represents only the subject of innovation, and previous studies have instead identified it as the vehicle of innovation or a mediating device that can help achieve sustainable innovation. How does the firm care about the virtual office environment for remote workers? To do so, managers must clearly understand what value is currently on the verge of being destroyed and consequently act on the business model. Technovation, 92. United Nations Global Compact (2020). Regarding theoretical implications, this study contributes to developing a theory of both BMI and sustainable innovation. SBMI is a scientific topic that has received significant attention both in the literature of sustainability innovation and business models of the last ten years (Cillo, Messeni Petruzzelli, Ardito, & Del Giudice, 2019). In other words, it may include changing energy inputs in the industry using renewable energies, such as the sun and the wind, or modifying the way products reach the market regarding transportation. What methods of conserving water resources have been implemented in the firm's offices or factories? (2014) proposed that aims to understand the positive and negative aspects of the value proposition of the network of stakeholders (Bocken etal., 2014). Due to products' social and environmental characteristics, managers can increase customer loyalty and willingness to pay, allowing firms to capture higher product prices. This research field aims to strengthen the firm's ability to integrate sustainability into the business model to achieve the goal of sustainable development. It can help managers and consultants: (1) to experiment, orient, test and implement the business model transformation and the consequent organizational change and (2) to analyze and correct transformation processes that have already started. (2004). The final search on SCOPUS returned 68 results. Water stewardship and corporate sustainability: A case study of reputation management in the food and drinks industry. Consequently, the validation of the results, which one could do through the qualitative methodology of the case studies, is not present in this study due to space constraints in the article and the risk of sidetracking the reader. The article starts with the analysis of the existing literature about BMI and SBMI in order to extrapolate the main elements of these topics. Gambardella, A., & McGahan, A. M. (2010). circular economy, collaborative consumption, inclusive growth and targeting low-income consumers). Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. Business model innovation for sustainability: Towards a unified perspective for creation of sustainable business models. To structure the new framework, we must combine elements and characteristics of various tools of both academic and practical matrices. A literature and practice review to develop sustainable business model archetypes. Finally, the authors have discussed the results among them. Geissdoerfer, M., Vladimirova, D., & Evans, S. (2018). The framework suggests starting the analysis from the value proposition section made up not only by describing new sustainable value, like existing tools, but also by explaining the governance. From the theoretical point of view, a comprehensive framework for developing SBMI could represent a learning framework for researchers. Journal of Cleaner Production, 198, 401416. Jones, P., Hillier, D., & Comfort, D. (2015). (2018). Business model innovation: its not just about technology anymore. Following the frameworks logic, we must consider how the value is created and distributed. Another theoretical contribution lies in the approach adopted to find the critical areas of the new framework: we have linked theoretical and practical sources. Furthermore, scholars have used BMI as a strategic tool or unit of analysis to study how firms can overcome the competitive threat of a specific industry, such as the creative and cultural industry (i.e. The full terms of this licence maybe seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode. The aim of this paper is to explain what pathways a firm can take when it implements a sustainable business innovation process in line with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These decisions are critical for progress on any sustainable process from investments toward research and development to capital allocations for new facilities. Therefore, such a framework reduces resistance to modification of the business model within firms and promotes the commitment of individuals to the BMI implementation. We have adopted the SCOPUS academic database to retrieve helpful literature for creating a new theoretical framework. We have detailed the research process of these phases: (1) the selection of scientific papers, (2) the establishment of the framework's design and (3) the analysis of papers. The use of environmental resources, such as renewable energy, is a significant talking point for some firms. We define sustainable business model innovation (SBMI) as a change in how a firm operates to create positive impacts or reduce negative consequences for the environment and society. Business model innovation breakthrough moves. Another element of the framework regards the partnership with all stakeholders. International Journal of Product Development, 18(34), 274285. It deals with a new way to do business aiming at prosperity in a dynamic environment through the reconceptualization of the underlying logic behind the value creation, capture and delivery (Richardson, 2008; Teece, 2010). Systemic thinking in environmental management: Support for sustainable development. The elements of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) implementation framework, created by the United Nations to guide companies to deepen integration of SDGs into business operations and stakeholder engagement: strategy and governance, operations and stakeholder engagement (United Nations Global Compact, 2020). International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility, 5(1), 111. Wellbrock, W., Ludin, D., Rhrle, L., & Gerstlberger, W. (2020). As an example, we quote Danone, a leading firm operating in the nutrition industry explicitly states that it studies and applies solutions that regenerate the environment by promoting the use of resources responsibly (Jones, Hillier, & Comfort, 2015). At the same time, incumbents firms must start revising their current business model. It implements many corporate welfare initiatives to favor balancing each employee's professional and private life (https://sustainability.ferragamo.com/it). When companies come together with industry partners, they further raise the playing field for all and pave the way to engage with governments and policymakers to drive action. Journal of Cleaner Production, 147, 175186. About practical implications, the proposed framework can serve as a guideline for a reorganization that aspires to increase the level of sustainability within an organization. Journal of Cleaner Production, 65, 4256. [] A business model design of an incumbent firm to be innovative when the firm changes its activity system so that the new system is novel for the firm and possibly also in the product-market space in which it competes, BMI is a set of deliberate acts that managers and entrepreneurs perform over time to change the BM components and architecture in a consistent and innovative way, BMI is widely recognized as a crucial activity that incumbents have to perform in order to successfully face the threat coming from new and innovative entrants. Transparency cannot exist without ethical action as the presence of an ethical code and an ethical audit (Depken & Zeman, 2018). (2018), which identifies four types of BMI startup, transformation, diversification and acquisition and by Cavalcante, Kesting and Ulhi (2011) which talks about creation, extension, revision and termination. Fifteen years of research on business model innovation: How far have we come, and where should we go? The SBMI also considers the value creation in the carried-out activities and its delivery as eco-social benefits balanced among all the players. 3, pp. To find the papers, we used the following keywords: [sustainable business model], [business model innovation and sustainability], [business model and sustainability] and [sustainable business model innovation]. International Journal of Innovation Management, 17(1). Sustainability, 11, 25. Stubbs, W., & Cocklin, C. (2008). Adopting a dynamic perspective for the business model and introducing a valuable tool to understand how the business model changes to incorporate triple sustainability are contributing factors in the theory development of the BMI and sustainable innovation. A holistic framework for developing sustainable BMI could represent a learning framework for researchers to help identify the current assumptions about the phenomenon and improve them. Geissdoerfer, M., Bocken, N. M. P., & Hultink, E. J. Toward a theory of business model innovation within incumbent firms. Then we provided a helpful checklist to interpret the framework. Clarifying business models: Origins, present, and future of the concept. Journal of Cleaner Production, 45, 919. The ambiguity of the situation also can bring uncertainty. In this regard, a framework can help and support the change process. So, this activity is complex because the transformation process often involves incorporating heterogeneous metrics besides including various stakeholders needs (Snihur & Wiklund, 2019). The FCA (Fiat Chrysler Automobiles) board has adopted a diversity policy as they understand that diversity in the firms composition, in terms of age, gender, experience, work background and nationality, is essential for promoting debate and making balanced decisions. How much are the investments to follow the principles of environmental sustainability? Teece, D. J. The second step concerns transparency, which is often associated with the amount of information an organization is willing to disclose. We have identified three helpful principles to structure our framework: To focus on value to integrate it into the triple bottom line dimensions (i.e. Roome, N., & Louche, C. (2016). Long Range Planning, 43, 308325. Managers who intend to avoid value destruction through BMI should assume the sustainable value proposition (Roome & Louche, 2016). Then we have identified the specific knowledge about (1) a firms purpose and governance, (2) stakeholder engagement, (3) customers impact, (4) environmental practices, (5) environmental resources, (6) workers, (7) stakeholders, (8) cost structure, (9) revenue stream and (10) corporate finance. Yunus, M., Moingeon, B., & Lehmann-Ortega, L. (2010). In order to fill this gap, we have proposed a novel framework that provides a multidimensional view concern to the SBMI process. Indeed, in the value capture process, firms aim at monetizing the outputs of their activities. (2016). The check list for sustainable business model innovation implementation. Cillo, V., Messeni Petruzzelli, A., Ardito, L., & Del Giudice, M. (2019). Does the firm manage the privacy and data security of its customers? The sales team also plays a vital role in promoting the firm's values. Business model innovation: A review of the process-based literature. We have divided the new framework into three sections: value proposition, value creation delivery and value capture. These external relationships help grow the core business and extend companies social licenses to operate (Bruneel, Moray, Stevens, & Fassin, 2016). Searching for innovation: Product, process, and business model innovations and search behavior in established firms. Business model innovation from an open systems perspective: structural challenges and managerial solutions. After excluding conference papers and duplicities, we selected only papers that we considered relevant based on two criteria: the journal which has published them and the number of citations (>50 citations). Collaboration with government, suppliers, academia, media, external agencies and the community can accelerate innovation to advance sustainable goals. Amit, R., & Zott, C. (2020). In the end, we have selected 51 papers after reading them in full. The renewed purpose should stem from an authentic motivation and passion within the firms organizational culture. Does the firm have written ethical marketing, advertising, or customer engagement policies? Moreover, future research might develop a system of metrics for each element of the framework to measure value delivery and value captured by the firm. Abdelkafi, N., Makhotin, S., & Posselt, T. (2013). The third step regards the search for examples within papers for each framework dimension. This approach is still rare in the published scientific articles and other theoretical frameworks dealing with BMI. Sustainability, 11(19), 5379. Despite this complexity, the literature on the sustainable business model (i.e. Bocken, N. M., Short, S. W., Rana, P., & Evans, S. (2014). Seizing the white space: Business model innovation for growth and renewal. The last element necessary to consider is governance since leading the transformation to a more sustainable business model must be a constant topic on the Board of Directors' agenda. Bridging sustainable business model innovation and user-driven innovation: A process for sustainable value proposition design. (2010). Finally, the discussion and the conclusion summarize the results and show the study implications and its limitations and directions for future research. The transformation can affect the entire business model or individual or a combination of its value proposition, value creation and deliver, and value capture elements, the interrelations between the elements, and the value network, BMI is a strategic tool that helps overcome the resource constraints they face along the life-cycle, For startups, the term business model innovation often refers to the introduction of a business model that is novel [] to the product-market space in which the firm competes. Other authors, instead, introduce taxonomies. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 135, 4450.
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